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Joshua 21:27-33 · Bible study

Joshua 21:27-33 Commentary: Redeemed Places

Hebrew · 7 what the commentators say

Meaning in one sentence

Why did Levites receive Beeshterah, once a center of Canaanite worship? This passage shows God's redemption and provision even through former pagan places.

Research Summary

  • Meaning: The Levites receive former Canaanite cities and pastoral land, showing God’s provision and redemption of pagan spaces.
  • Key words: Migrash (pasture lands, open land for livestock); miqlat (refuge, asylum); Beeshterah (Beth-Ashterah, house of the Canaanite goddess).
  • Main debate: Whether Beeshterah is identical to Ashtaroth, most commentators affirm this based on 1 Chronicles 6:71 and Deuteronomy 1:4.
  • Theological theme: God’s sovereignty over the land; the Levites’ dependence on Him; the transformation of idolatrous sites into centers of worship and teaching.
  • Best use: A case study in God’s practical care for ministers and His power to repurpose what was once opposed to Him.

Translation Comparison

BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020

27This is what the Levite clans of the Gershonites were given: From the half-tribe of Manasseh they were given Golan in Bashan, a city of refuge for the manslayer, and Beeshterah—two cities, together with their pasturelands.

28From the tribe of Issachar they were given Kishion, Daberath,

29Jarmuth, and En-gannim—four cities, together with their pasturelands.

30From the tribe of Asher they were given Mishal, Abdon,

31Helkath, and Rehob—four cities, together with their pasturelands.

32And from the tribe of Naphtali they were given Kedesh in Galilee (a city of refuge for the manslayer), Hammoth-dor, and Kartan—three cities, together with their pasturelands.

33In all, thirteen cities, together with their pasturelands, were given to the Gershonite clans.

WEB World English Bible 2000

27They gave to the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the half-tribe of Manasseh Golan in Bashan with its pasture lands, the city of refuge for the man slayer, and Be Eshterah with its pasture lands: two cities.

28Out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishion with its pasture lands, Daberath with its pasture lands,

29Jarmuth with its pasture lands, En Gannim with its pasture lands: four cities.

30Out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with its pasture lands, Abdon with its pasture lands,

31Helkath with its pasture lands, and Rehob with its pasture lands: four cities.

32Out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with its pasture lands, the city of refuge for the man slayer, Hammothdor with its pasture lands, and Kartan with its pasture lands: three cities.

33All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their pasture lands.

KJV King James Version 1769

27And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Beesh–terah with her suburbs; two cities.

28And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishon with her suburbs, Dabareh with her suburbs,

29Jarmuth with her suburbs, En–gannim with her suburbs; four cities.

30And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with her suburbs, Abdon with her suburbs,

31Helkath with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs; four cities.

32And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Hammoth–dor with her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs; three cities.

33All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their suburbs.

ASV American Standard Version 1901

27And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the half-tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with its suburbs, the city of refuge for the manslayer, and Be-eshterah with its suburbs; two cities.

28And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishion with its suburbs, Daberath with its suburbs,

29Jarmuth with its suburbs, En-gannim with its suburbs; four cities.

30And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with its suburbs, Abdon with its suburbs,

31Helkath with its suburbs, and Rehob with its suburbs; four cities.

32And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with its suburbs, the city of refuge for the manslayer, and Hammoth-dor with its suburbs, and Kartan with its suburbs; three cities.

33All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their suburbs.

YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898

27And for the sons of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the half of the tribe of Manasseh, the city of refuge for the man-slayer, Golan in Bashan and its suburbs, and Beeshterah and its suburbs--two cities.

28And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishon and its suburbs, Dabarath and its suburbs,

29Jarmuth and its suburbs, En-Gannim and its suburbs--four cities.

30And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal and its suburbs, Abdon and its suburbs,

31Helkath and its suburbs, and Rehob and its suburbs--four cities.

32And out of the tribe of Naphtali, the city of refuge for the man-slayer, Kedesh in Galilee and its suburbs, and Hammoth-Dor and its suburbs, and Kartan and its suburbs--three cities;

33all the cities of the Gershonite, for their families, are thirteen cities and their suburbs.

Darby Darby Bible 1890

27And to the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of half the tribe of Manasseh, [they gave] the city of refuge for the slayer, Golan in Bashan and its suburbs; and Beeshterah and its suburbs: two cities;

28and out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishion and its suburbs, Dabrath and its suburbs,

29Jarmuth and its suburbs, En-gannim and its suburbs: four cities;

30and out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal and its suburbs, Abdon and its suburbs,

31Helkath and its suburbs, and Rehob and its suburbs: four cities;

32and out of the tribe of Naphtali, the city of refuge for the slayer, Kedesh in Galilee, and its suburbs; and Hammoth-Dor and its suburbs, and Kartan and its suburbs: three cities.

33All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities and their suburbs.

Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899

27To the children of Gerson also of the race of Levi out of the half tribe of Manasses, Gaulon in Basan, one of the cities of refuge, and Bosra, with their suburbs, two cities.

28And of the tribe of Issachar, Cesion, and Dabereth,

29And Jaramoth, and Engannim, with their suburbs, four cities.

30And of the tribe of Aser, Masal and Abdon,

31And Helcath, and Rohob, with their suburbs, four cities.

32Of the tribe also of Nephtali, Cedes in Galilee, one of the cities of refuge: and Hammoth Dor, and Carthan, with their suburbs, three cities.

33All the cities of the families of Gerson, were thirteen, with their suburbs.

Verse in Context

25 Out of the half-tribe of Manasseh, Taanach with its pasture lands, and Gath Rimmon with its pasture lands: two cities.
26 All the cities of the families of the rest of the children of Kohath were ten with their pasture lands.
27 They gave to the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the half-tribe of Manasseh Golan in Bashan with its pasture lands, the city of refuge for the man slayer, and Be Eshterah with its pasture lands: two cities.
28 Out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishion with its pasture lands, Daberath with its pasture lands,
29 Jarmuth with its pasture lands, En Gannim with its pasture lands: four cities.
30 Out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with its pasture lands, Abdon with its pasture lands,
31 Helkath with its pasture lands, and Rehob with its pasture lands: four cities.
32 Out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with its pasture lands, the city of refuge for the man slayer, Hammothdor with its pasture lands, and Kartan with its pasture lands: three cities.
33 All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their pasture lands.
34 To the families of the children of Merari, the rest of the Levites, out of the tribe of Zebulun, Jokneam with its pasture lands, Kartah with its pasture lands,
35 Dimnah with its pasture lands, and Nahalal with its pasture lands: four cities.

Original Language (Biblical Hebrew)

וְ/לִ/בְנֵ֣י ve./li/v.Nei HC/R/Ncmpc H1121 and/ to/ [the] descendants of
גֵרְשׁוֹן֮ ge.re.shOn HNpm H1648 Gershon
מִ/מִּשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת mi./mish.pe.Chot HR/Ncfpc H4940 from/ [the] clans of
הַ/לְוִיִּם֒ ha/l.vi.Yim HTd/Ngmpa H3881 the/ Levites
מֵ/חֲצִ֞י me./cha.Tzi HR/Ncmsc H2677 from/ [the] half of
מַטֵּ֣ה ma.Teh HNcmsc H4294 [the] tribe of
מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה me.na.Sheh HNpm H4519 Manasseh
אֶת\־ 'et- HTo H0853 <obj.>
עִיר֙ 'ir HNcfsc H5892 [the] city of
מִקְלַ֣ט mik.Lat HNcmsc H4733 <the> refuge of
הָ/רֹצֵ֔חַ ha./ro.Tze.ach HTd/Vqrmsa H7523 the/ killer
אֶת\־ 'et- HTo H0853 <obj.>
גּוֹלָ֤ן ga.lon HNpl H1474 Golan
בַּ/בָּשָׁן֙ ba./ba.Shan HRd/Npl H1316 in <the>/ Bashan
וְ/אֶת\־ ve./'Et HC/To H0853 and/ <obj.>
מִגְרָשֶׁ֔/הָ mig.ra.She./ha HNcmpc/Sp3fs H4054 pasture lands/ its
וְ/אֶֽת\־ ve./'Et HC/To H0853 and/ <obj.>
בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה be.'esh.te.Rah HNpl H1203 Beeshtarah
וְ/אֶת\־ ve./'Et HC/To H0853 and/ <obj.>
מִגְרָשֶׁ֑/הָ mig.ra.She./ha HNcmpc/Sp3fs H4054 pasture lands/ its
עָרִ֖ים 'a.Rim HNcmpa H5892 cities
שְׁתָּֽיִם\׃\ \ס she.Ta.yim HAcfda H8147 two

Source: STEPBible TAGNT/TEHB (CC-BY 4.0). Click or tap a morphology code to see the full parsing.

Scholars' Consensus

Commentators agree that this list of thirteen cities fulfills the command in Numbers 35 to give the Levites towns with pasturelands. A striking detail is Beeshterah. Barnes and the Cambridge Bible identify it as a contraction of Beth-Ashterah (house of the goddess Ashterah, or Ashtaroth), formerly a royal city of Og king of Bashan (Deuteronomy 1:4; Joshua 12:4). Two cities in this list, Golan and Kedesh in Galilee, are marked as cities of refuge for the manslayer (Joshua 20:8). The Levites thus received places once associated with pagan worship, repurposed for the service of Yahweh. The repeated phrase “with its pasture lands” (Hebrew migrash, open land for livestock) underscores God’s practical provision. The total of thirteen cities is consistent with the parallel account in 1 Chronicles 6:71, 76.

How settled is the interpretation?

Interpretive difficulty: Low

What is clear: God provided for the Levites by giving them specific cities with pasture lands, including two cities of refuge, and He redeemed a former pagan worship center for His own purposes.

What Scholars Agree and Debate

TopicAgreedDebated
Cities of refugeChristians agree that these cities provided legal protection for those who killed someone unintentionally, preventing blood feuds and ensuring fair trial.Some traditions see them primarily as historical institutions; others also read them as types of Christ, the ultimate refuge for sinners.
Identity of BeeshterahMost scholars identify Beeshterah with the ancient city Ashtaroth, a royal seat of Og and a cult center of the goddess Ashterah.A few question the exact location or whether the name indicates a separate nearby site, but the consensus is strong that it is the same place.
Levitical inheritanceAll traditions affirm that the Levites received no tribal land but were given cities and pastures as God’s provision, fulfilling Numbers 35.The theological significance of landlessness is interpreted differently: some focus on trust in God; others on the symbolic role of the Levites as the Lord’s portion.

Historical & Cultural Context

Joshua 21 completes the land distribution to the tribes of Israel. The Levites, set apart for priestly service, received no contiguous inheritance. Instead, God commanded that forty-eight cities be given to them from the territories of the other tribes, each with surrounding pasture lands (Numbers 35:2, 5). This scattering placed the Levites throughout the land as teachers and ministers of worship. The Gershonites, one of the three Levitical clans, were assigned cities in the northern and eastern regions: part of half-Manasseh east of the Jordan, and within Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali to the west.

The list mentions two cities of refuge: Golan in Bashan and Kedesh in Galilee. These provided safe haven for anyone who killed someone accidentally, protecting them from the avenger of blood until a fair trial. The inclusion of Beeshterah is especially powerful. As Notes on the Bible notes, it is probably the same as Ashtaroth, a chief city of Og and a cult center of the Canaanite fertility goddess. By placing Levites there, God reclaimed a space of idolatry for His worship. The pasture lands (migrash) were not mere yards but agricultural land sufficient for the Levites’ flocks and herds, ensuring they could sustain their families while serving at the tabernacle. This distribution also fulfilled the promise to Abraham that his descendants would possess the land, now organized for holy living.

Textual Notes

The consulted sources note no significant manuscript variants for Joshua 21:27, 33. The list of cities is stable across the Masoretic Text, the Septuagint, and the Vulgate. Minor differences in spelling (e.g., Beeshterah versus Beesh-terah) do not affect meaning. The parallel in 1 Chronicles 6:71, 76 uses some variant names (e.g., Ashtaroth for Beeshterah, Ramoth for Jarmuth) but represents the same underlying geography.

Reception History

Early Christian writers like Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Onomasticon, noted the location of these cities and connected them to God’s provision for the priestly tribe. Medieval commentators saw the cities of refuge as a pattern of Christ. Reformation-era expositors, including Matthew Henry, emphasized the faithfulness of God in fulfilling the promise to the Levites. The transformation of Beeshterah from a pagan center to a Levitical city was sometimes cited as evidence that God can redeem any place or person. Modern scholarship has confirmed the archaeological identifications, showing that these sites were indeed significant in the Iron Age.

Preaching This Verse

Three-point outline

  1. God provides for His workers. The Levites received cities with pasture lands, not as an afterthought but by divine command. This shows that those who serve God are not forgotten.
  2. God redeems what was once devoted to false gods. Beeshterah, a center of Ashtaroth worship, became a home for those who taught the Law. No place is beyond God’s reclaiming power.
  3. God establishes cities of refuge. Golan and Kedesh remind us that God makes provision for the guilty and the vulnerable. Grace and justice meet in these towns.

Five-point outline

  1. The Levites’ inheritance: a reminder that God Himself is their portion.
  2. The geography of grace: cities spread across the land so no one was far from help.
  3. The transformation of Beeshterah: from pagan shrine to holy residence.
  4. The pasture lands: practical provision alongside spiritual calling.
  5. The total of thirteen: God’s faithfulness in the details, matching the command perfectly.

Illustration hooks

  • A congregation that renovated a former liquor store into a youth center, the building’s history didn’t limit its future purpose.
  • A family garden planted over ground once used for something unhealthy, the same soil now yields food and beauty.
  • The way a community of believers might adopt a neglected neighborhood, bringing renewal through presence and service.

Questions your congregation is asking

  • Why were the Levites scattered instead of given their own land?
  • What does it mean for us that God turned a place of idol worship into a home for His priests?
  • How do cities of refuge point to anything about God’s character today?

Leading a Discussion

These verses may look like a dry list of names, but they testify to God’s deliberate care. He provided for the Levites, reclaimed ground that had stood for false gods, and made space for mercy. Let the details draw you in.

Discussion questions

  1. What surprise do you notice in the list of cities? Why does Beeshterah stand out?
  2. Read Numbers 35:1, 8. What command did God give about the Levites, and how does Joshua 21:27, 33 obey it?
  3. Two cities in this passage are called “cities of refuge” (Golan and Kedesh). What does the existence of such cities tell you about God’s view of justice and mercy?
  4. Pasture lands are mentioned for every city. Why was this detail important for the Levites’ daily life?
  5. If someone from Beeshterah had worshiped Ashtaroth fifty years earlier, how might they have felt seeing Levites living there now?
  6. What “Beeshterah” places in your community, spaces once used for things opposed to God, could be reclaimed for good purposes?
  7. How does this passage encourage you that God sees and provides for practical needs, not just spiritual ones?

What the Commentators Say

6 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.

Adam Clarke's Commentary Methodist/Wesleyan 1826

Clarke's comment on this verse is simply a cross-reference. He offers no new explanation here but directs the reader to his earlier note on Joshua 20:7 for the full discussion of Golan in Bashan and the other cities of refuge.

Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832

Barnes notes that the name Beesh-terah is a contraction of Beth-Ashterah, meaning "house of Ashterah." Among the Gershonite cities, he identifies this as the same as Ashtaroth of Og, linking the allotment to a known location from earlier conquest accounts.

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Anglican 1880

This commentary cross-references the list of Gershonite cities with parallel passages from Joshua and Chronicles to clarify their identities. The writer notes variant spellings and alternate names such as Beeshterah for Beth-Ashterah and Kartan for Rakkath, showing how the same locations appear under different forms in Scripture.

Geneva Bible Notes Reformed 1599

The Geneva Notes specify the precise allocation of thirteen cities to the Gershonite Levites, including two cities of refuge from the half-tribe of Manasseh. The listing demonstrates the careful distribution of Levitical cities across the tribes of Manasseh, Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali, fulfilling the pattern set for the priests' provision.

Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748

Gill identifies each Gershonite city by its alternate biblical name and notes historical details, such as Golan serving as a city of refuge and Beeshterah likely having been a temple of the goddess Astarte. He observes that the smaller tribe of Naphtali gave only three cities, following the proportional rule in Numbers.

Lange's Commentary Reformed 1857

Lange disagrees with Calvin’s suggestion that the Levites had been forgotten. He argues they deliberately waited for the right moment to press their claim, since Eleazar was respected and already involved in the distribution, and they had not seen it as opportune to speak sooner.

Word Study

The key original-language words in this verse. Select any word for its full lexicon entry — meaning, every occurrence in Scripture, and related words.

Cross-References

Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)

Deuteronomy 1:4 after he had struck Sihon the king of the Amorites who lived in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan who lived in Ashtaroth, at Edrei.
Deuteronomy 4:43 Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassites.
Joshua 20:8 Beyond the Jordan at Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness in the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.
I Chronicles 6:71 To the sons of Gershom were given, out of the family of the half-tribe of Manasseh, Golan in Bashan with its pasture lands, and Ashtaroth with its pasture lands;
Joshua 19:12 It turned from Sarid eastward toward the sunrise to the border of Chisloth Tabor. It went out to Daberath, and went up to Japhia.
I Chronicles 6:72 and out of the tribe of Issachar, Kedesh with its pasture lands, Daberath with its pasture lands,
I Chronicles 6:73 Ramoth with its pasture lands, and Anem with its pasture lands;
Joshua 10:3 Therefore Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, Piram king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lachish, and Debir king of Eglon, saying,

Interlinear and lexical data from STEPBible (CC BY 4.0). Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.

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