עִיר (ir)
ir
excitement; city; City (of On); Ir-
H:N-MQuick Reference
- Language
- Biblical Hebrew
- Testament
- Old Testament
- Occurrences
- 836 verses
- Root
- —
- Part of speech
- H:N-M
Word Overview
The noun ir refers to a city or town, specifically understood as a place of waking and guarded settlement. With over 800 occurrences in the Hebrew Bible, it appears frequently in historical books like Joshua and Chronicles, as well as in prophetic literature such as Jeremiah. The word describes human habitation that is distinct from open country, emphasizing the security and order provided by walls and watchmen.
Lexical sources note a secondary, less common meaning related to excitement or anguish, particularly of terror or rage. This semantic range suggests a connection between the alertness required for city defense and states of high emotional or physical agitation. The term is also used in proper names, such as Ir-On, which simply means "City of On," and identifies individuals like Ir son of Tehinnah in the tribe of Judah.
Translators typically render ir as "city" to capture its primary sense of a fortified community. The emphasis on guarding highlights the ancient Near Eastern reality where urban centers were defined by their ability to protect inhabitants from external threats. This concrete imagery underpins many biblical narratives about siege, safety, and divine judgment upon human strongholds.
Based on public-domain lexicons (Strong's, Thayer, Gesenius, Brown-Driver-Briggs and others).
What This Word Means for Your Faith
The Hebrew word ir simply means a city, but it carries the weight of human community and its vulnerabilities. In the ancient world, a city was not just a collection of buildings; it was a place defined by walls, gates, and watchmen who kept the people safe from outside threats. This imagery helps us understand how biblical writers viewed society: as a fragile order that requires protection and care.
Yet the Bible also shows us that human cities can become centers of pride or injustice, as seen in the story of Sodom. Conversely, they can be places where God’s mercy is sought, like when Abraham pleads for the righteous within its walls. For your faith life, this reminds us that while we build our own lives and communities, true security does not come from stone and mortar, but from living in right relationship with God and neighbor.
When you read about cities in Scripture, remember that they represent human effort to create order. Some succeed in justice; others fail in arrogance. The invitation is to seek the peace of the city, to value community, and to trust that God sees both the strengths and the weaknesses of every gathering place.
How it's translated
How this word is rendered word-by-word in the 836 verses where it appears, by frequency.
- the/ city278×
- [the] cities of74×
- cities68×
- the/ cities57×
- in the/ city41×
- [the] city of41×
- in/ [the] cities of29×
- a city28×
- in/ [the] city of24×
- city/ his21×
- and/ the/ city15×
- of the/ city14×
Forms in the text
The inflected forms of this word as they appear in Scripture, by frequency.
- הָ/עִ֔יר46×
- הָ/עִ֖יר45×
- עָרֵ֣י43×
- עִ֣יר38×
- הָ/עִיר֙33×
- הָ/עִ֑יר32×
- הָ/עִ֣יר31×
- הָ/עִֽיר\׃24×
- עָרֵ֥י23×
- עָרִ֥ים22×
- בְּ/עָרֵ֣י22×
- עָרִ֖ים21×
Key Verses
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Genesis 18:24
What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who are in it?
Abraham uses the word to argue that a city’s fate depends on the presence of righteous people within it, highlighting divine justice over collective punishment.
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Genesis 19:16
But he lingered; and the men grabbed his hand, his wife’s hand, and his two daughters’ hands, Yahweh being merciful to him; and they took him out, and set him outside of the city.
Angels physically pull Lot out of the city, showing that God’s mercy can rescue individuals even when the surrounding community is under judgment.
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Genesis 4:17
Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and named the city after the name of his son, Enoch.
Cain builds the first city mentioned in Scripture, linking urban settlement with the beginning of human civilization after the fall.
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Genesis 19:20
See now, this city is near to flee to, and it is a little one. Oh let me escape there (isn’t it a little one?), and my soul will live.”
Lot asks to flee to a small city for safety, illustrating how even minor settlements could serve as refuges during times of divine intervention.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Hebrew word ir mean?
Is there a secondary meaning for ir?
Why are cities important in the Old Testament?
Every Occurrence (836 verses across 35 books)
Genesis 41 verses
Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and named the city after the name of his…
Genesis 10:12and Resen between Nineveh and the great city Calah.
Genesis 11:4They said, “Come, let’s build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top reaches to the sky, and let’s make a name for…
Genesis 11:5Yahweh came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built.
Genesis 11:8So Yahweh scattered them abroad from there on the surface of all the earth. They stopped building the city.
Genesis 13:12Abram lived in the land of Canaan, and Lot lived in the cities of the plain, and moved his tent as far as Sodom.
Genesis 18:24What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who…
Genesis 18:26Yahweh said, “If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare the whole place for their sake.”
Genesis 18:28What if there will lack five of the fifty righteous? Will you destroy all the city for lack of five?” He said, “I will…
Genesis 19:4But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, both young and old, all the…
Genesis 19:12The men said to Lot, “Do you have anybody else here? Sons-in-law, your sons, your daughters, and whomever you have in…
Genesis 19:14Lot went out, and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were pledged to marry his daughters, and said, “Get up! Get out of this…
Genesis 19:15When the morning came, then the angels hurried Lot, saying, “Get up! Take your wife and your two daughters who are…
Genesis 19:16But he lingered; and the men grabbed his hand, his wife’s hand, and his two daughters’ hands, Yahweh being merciful to…
Genesis 19:20See now, this city is near to flee to, and it is a little one. Oh let me escape there (isn’t it a little one?), and my…
Genesis 19:21He said to him, “Behold, I have granted your request concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow the city of…
Genesis 19:22Hurry, escape there, for I can’t do anything until you get there.” Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
Genesis 19:25He overthrew those cities, all the plain, all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew on the ground.
Genesis 19:29When God destroyed the cities of the plain, God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the middle of the overthrow,…
Genesis 23:10Now Ephron was sitting in the middle of the children of Heth. Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the hearing of the…
Genesis 23:18to Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all who went in at the gate of his city.
Genesis 24:10The servant took ten of his master’s camels, and departed, having a variety of good things of his master’s with him. He…
Genesis 24:11He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water at the time of evening, the time that women go out…
Genesis 24:13Behold, I am standing by the spring of water. The daughters of the men of the city are coming out to draw water.
Genesis 26:33He called it “Shibah”. Therefore the name of the city is “Beersheba” to this day.
Genesis 28:19He called the name of that place Bethel, but the name of the city was Luz at the first.
Genesis 33:18Jacob came in peace to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan Aram; and encamped…
Genesis 34:20Hamor and Shechem, his son, came to the gate of their city, and talked with the men of their city, saying,
Genesis 34:24All who went out of the gate of his city listened to Hamor, and to Shechem his son; and every male was circumcised, all…
Genesis 34:25On the third day, when they were sore, two of Jacob’s sons, Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brothers, each took his sword,…
Genesis 34:27Jacob’s sons came on the dead, and plundered the city, because they had defiled their sister.
Genesis 34:28They took their flocks, their herds, their donkeys, that which was in the city, that which was in the field,
Genesis 35:5They traveled, and a terror of God was on the cities that were around them, and they didn’t pursue the sons of Jacob.
Genesis 36:32Bela, the son of Beor, reigned in Edom. The name of his city was Dinhabah.
Genesis 36:35Husham died, and Hadad, the son of Bedad, who struck Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his place. The name of his…
Genesis 36:39Baal Hanan the son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his place. The name of his city was Pau. His wife’s name was…
Genesis 41:35Let them gather all the food of these good years that come, and store grain under the hand of Pharaoh for food in the…
Genesis 41:48He gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities. He…
Genesis 44:4When they had gone out of the city, and were not yet far off, Joseph said to his steward, “Up, follow after the men.…
Genesis 44:13Then they tore their clothes, and each man loaded his donkey, and returned to the city.
Genesis 47:21As for the people, he moved them to the cities from one end of the border of Egypt even to the other end of it.