Ruth 2:1 · Bible study
Ruth 2:1 Commentary: Boaz: Mighty Man of Wealth
Hebrew · 9 what the commentators say
Meaning in one sentence
Ruth 2:1 introduces Boaz as a kinsman and 'mighty man of wealth.' This study explores the Hebrew phrase gibbor chayil and his role as kinsman-redeemer in
Research Summary
- Meaning: Ruth 2:1 introduces Boaz as a wealthy, noble relative of Elimelech, setting the stage for his role as kinsman-redeemer.
- Key words: מוֹדַע (môda‛, a relative/acquaintance); גִּבּוֹר חַיִל (gibbor chayil, mighty man of wealth or valor).
- Main debate: Whether gibbor chayil emphasizes material wealth or military might; both are possible in the OT, but context favors wealth and social standing.
- Theological theme: Providence: God’s hidden preparation of a redeemer before the need is fully expressed.
- Best use: To introduce a character study on Boaz as a model of generous, responsible masculinity and as a type of Christ the Redeemer.
Translation Comparison
BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020
Now Naomi had a relative on her husband’s side, a prominent man of noble character from the clan of Elimelech, whose name was Boaz.
WEB World English Bible 2000
Naomi had a relative of her husband’s, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech, and his name was Boaz.
KJV King James Version 1769
And Naomi had a kinsman of her husband’s, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech; and his name was Boaz.
ASV American Standard Version 1901
And Naomi had a kinsman of her husband’s, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech, and his name was Boaz.
YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898
And Naomi hath an acquaintance of her husband's, a man mighty in wealth, of the family of Elimelech, and his name is Boaz.
Darby Darby Bible 1890
And Naomi had a relation of her husband's, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech, and his name was Boaz.
Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899
Now her husband Elimelech had a kinsman, a powerful man, and very rich, whose name was Booz.
Translations in other languages (10 available)
Y TENÍA Noemi un pariente de su marido, varón poderoso y de hecho, de la familia de Elimelech, el cual se llamaba Booz.
E tinha Noemi um parente de seu marido, homem poderoso e rico, da família de Elimeleque, o qual se chamava Boaz.
Naomi avait un parent de son mari. C’ était un homme puissant et riche, de la famille d’Élimélec, et qui se nommait Boaz.
Es war auch ein Mann, ein Verwandter des Mannes der Naemi, von dem Geschlecht Elimelechs, mit Namen Boas; der war ein wohlhabender Mann.
Naomi nu had een bloedvriend van haar man, een man, geweldig van vermogen, van het geslacht van Elimelech; en zijn naam was Boaz.
Or Naomi aveva un parente di suo marito, uomo potente e ricco, della famiglia di Elimelec, che si chiamava Boaz.
A Noemi miała powinowatego po mężu swym, człowieka możnego z domu Elimelechowego, którego zwano Booz.
У Ноемини был родственник по мужу ее, человек весьма знатный, из племени Елимелехова, имя ему Вооз.
拿俄米 的丈夫 以利米勒 的親族中， 有一個人 名 叫波阿斯，是個大 財主。
And Naomi had a relation of her husband, a man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech; and his name was Boaz.
Verse in Context
Original Language (Biblical Hebrew)
Old Testament · Biblical Hebrew · Ruth 2:1
Source: STEPBible TAGNT/TEHB (CC-BY 4.0). Click or tap a morphology code to see the full parsing.
Scholars' Consensus
Commentators agree that Ruth 2:1 serves as a crucial introduction to Boaz, the man through whom God will bring redemption to Naomi and Ruth. The word translated “kinsman” (מוֹדַע, môda‛) indicates a close acquaintance or relative by marriage, not necessarily the nearest kinsman-redeemer (גֹּאֵל, gō’ēl) who appears later. Gill notes that Boaz was a relative on Elimelech’s side, which explains why Naomi did not immediately seek his help. The phrase “mighty man of wealth” (gibbor chayil) is debated in nuance: most English versions render it as wealth and social standing, while several commentators (Cambridge, Keil & Delitzsch) point out that the same phrase can mean a valiant warrior in other Old Testament passages (Judges 6:12; 11:1). In this context, however, the narrative highlights Boaz’s material resources and noble character, essential for his role as redeemer. Matthew Henry emphasizes the conjunction of wealth and piety, calling Boaz “mighty in the law” as well. All traditions see Boaz as a godly, prosperous landowner, providentially positioned to rescue the family.
How settled is the interpretation?
Interpretive difficulty: Medium
Main views:
- Emphasis on wealth: Most English translations render 'mighty of wealth'; context of harvest and redemption supports material resources.
- Emphasis on valor: The same Hebrew phrase describes warriors like Gideon (Judges 6:12); Boaz may also have military renown, though the narrative does not depict it.
What is clear: Boaz is a relative of Elimelech, a man of high standing and substance, providentially positioned to bring hope and restoration to Naomi and Ruth.
What Scholars Agree and Debate
| Topic | Agreed | Debated |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning of gibbor chayil | The phrase indicates a man of significant resources and status. Most commentators see it as 'wealth' in this context. | Some (e.g., Cambridge, Keil) note that the same phrase elsewhere means 'valiant warrior,' so a few traditions see Boaz as both wealthy and brave, while others focus primarily on his economic standing. |
| Kinship term môda‛ | The word designates a known person, a relative or close acquaintance of the family. | Disagreement exists on how close the relationship was. Jewish tradition (Targum) sees Boaz as a nephew of Elimelech; modern scholars often say the term is deliberately vague, leaving the precise relationship unclear until later. |
| Boaz as judge Ibzan | Some rabbinic sources identify Boaz with the judge Ibzan (Judges 12:8-10), who was also from Bethlehem. | Most modern commentators treat this as speculative, not supported by the biblical text itself. The chronological fit is uncertain. |
| Significance of the name Boaz | The name is universally understood as a positive attribute, meaning 'in him is strength' or 'fleetness.' | Some derive it from the Hebrew root 'z (strength), while others (Keil & Delitzsch) argue for a root b‛z meaning alacrity. The pastoral impact is similar: Boaz embodies capable strength. |
Historical & Cultural Context
The Book of Ruth is set during the turbulent period of the judges, a time of social and moral upheaval. Ruth 2:1 locates the story in Bethlehem of Judah, a small farming community. The famine that drove Elimelech’s family to Moab (Ruth 1:1) has apparently ended, and the barley harvest is underway. Agriculture was the backbone of Israelite life; the harvest season was both a time of labor and of divine blessing. The Mosaic law commanded landowners to leave gleanings for the poor, the foreigner, the orphan, and the widow (Leviticus 19:9-10; Deuteronomy 24:19). This law provided a safety net for vulnerable people like Naomi and Ruth.
Boaz’s description as a gibbor chayil signals his social and economic standing. The term carries the sense of a man of substance and influence, able to command servants and manage large fields. In a kinship-based society, such a man would be expected to fulfill the duties of a gō’ēl, the family protector who could redeem land, marry a childless widow, and preserve the family name. The “family of Elimelech” connects Boaz directly to the deceased husband, making him a potential redeemer, though not the closest one (as chapter 3 reveals). The narrative deliberately highlights both Boaz’s proximity to the family and his capacity to act decisively. His name (meaning “in him is strength”) reinforces his character as a competent and reliable figure in the community, a stark contrast to the earlier scenes of death and emptiness.
Textual Notes
The Hebrew text of Ruth 2:1 contains a Kethibh (written) and Keri (read) variation for the word translated “kinsman.” The Kethibh is מידע (pointed as מְידַע, mêda‛), while the Keri is מודע (môda‛). The Masoretic scribes apparently preferred the reading that aligns with the feminine form מודעת (môda‛at) in Ruth 3:2. The meaning is essentially the same, “acquaintance” or “relative.” No other significant textual variants are noted in the consulted sources.
Reception History
In Jewish tradition, Boaz is frequently identified with Ibzan the judge (Judges 12:8-10), suggesting that he already held a leadership role in Israel. The Targum on Ruth elaborates on his piety, calling him a man “mighty in the law.” Early Christian interpreters, beginning with the genealogy in Matthew 1:5, saw Boaz as a forefather of David and thus of the Messiah. His characterization as a wealthy, righteous landowner made him a natural type of Christ, the kinsman-redeemer who pays the debt and restores the outcast. Reformers like Matthew Henry praised the conjunction of wealth and devotion, while more recent commentators focus on the social dynamics of patronage and family obligation. Across all eras, Boaz has been held up as a model of faithful masculinity: strong, generous, humble, and willing to act for the vulnerable.
Preaching This Verse
Three-point outline
- Provision in the Background: Boaz is introduced as a wealthy relative of Elimelech. Even when Naomi and Ruth are penniless and desperate, God has already placed a redeemer within reach. Behind the scenes, the Lord is working through ordinary family ties and economic structures.
- Character That Counts: The phrase gibbor chayil describes more than money; it speaks of strength of character, integrity, and reputation. Boaz will prove to be generous, just, and faithful, qualities rooted in his fear of God.
- Providential Encounters: Ruth “happened” (Ruth 2:3) to come to Boaz’s field. The narrator highlights divine guidance beneath ordinary circumstances. God weaves together the readiness of Boaz and the initiative of Ruth.
Five-point outline
- A Kinsman Described: The word môda‛ means an acquaintance or relative, not the closest kin. This sets up the tension later regarding the nearer redeemer (Ruth 3:12).
- A Man of Substance: Gibbor chayil in context means a man of wealth and influence, able to act as a provider and protector.
- A Family Rooted in Bethlehem: Boaz belongs to the clan of Elimelech, tying him to the family that lost everything in Moab.
- A Name Full of Meaning: Boaz means “in him is strength,” anticipating his role as the one who strengthens and restores Naomi’s line.
- A Moment of Hope: After chapter 1’s bitterness and loss, verse 1 silently promises that redemption is near.
Illustration hooks
- Parachute rigger: Like a man who carefully packs parachutes for skydivers, Boaz is a behind-the-scenes figure whose preparations, his wealth, his integrity, his family ties, will save someone he hasn’t yet met.
- Local bank manager / landlord: Think of a person in a small town known for fairness, who quietly uses their resources to help struggling neighbors. That is Boaz in Bethlehem.
Questions your congregation is asking
- If God is my provider, why am I still in need? (The verse hints that provision is coming, but not yet visible.)
- How can I learn the balance between trusting God and taking practical steps? Ruth goes to glean; Boaz is ready to welcome her.
- Does God care about my financial situation? This verse introduces a story where wealth and family ties become instruments of divine care.
Leading a Discussion
This small group guide focuses on the character of Boaz and how God prepares people and circumstances to bring about redemption. Read Ruth 2:1 together. Notice that Boaz is introduced before Ruth ever meets him. God is already at work.
Discussion questions
- What does the description of Boaz as a “mighty man of wealth” suggest about his role in the story at this point?
- The Hebrew word môda‛ (relative/acquaintance) is not the same as gō’ēl (redemer). Why might the author choose the less specific term? What narrative tension does this create?
- Ruth and Naomi returned to Bethlehem with nothing. How does Boaz’s wealth and position offer hope for them even before he acts?
- How does Boaz compare with Elimelech, who also had resources but left Bethlehem? What differences in character do you see?
- In what ways does Boaz reflect God’s provision? How might this encourage you to trust God’s timing in your own life?
- This verse stands between Naomi’s bitterness and the first steps of restoration. Share a time when you experienced a small sign that God was at work in a hard season.
- How can your group be “Boaz-like” for someone in need, offering practical help and dignity, not just sympathy?
Word Study
The key original-language words in this verse. Select any word for its full lexicon entry — meaning, every occurrence in Scripture, and related words.
Cross-References
Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)
| Deuteronomy 8:17 | and lest you say in your heart, “My power and the might of my hand has gotten me this wealth.” |
| Deuteronomy 8:18 | But you shall remember Yahweh your God, for it is he who gives you power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he swore to your fathers, as it is today. |
| Judges 12:8 | After him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel. |
| Judges 12:10 | Ibzan died, and was buried at Bethlehem. |
| Ruth 1:2 | The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab and lived there. |
| Ruth 3:2 | Now isn’t Boaz our kinsman, with whose maidens you were? Behold, he will be winnowing barley tonight on the threshing floor. |
| Ruth 3:12 | Now it is true that I am a near kinsman. However, there is a kinsman nearer than I. |
| Ruth 4:21 | and Salmon became the father of Boaz, and Boaz became the father of Obed, |
Interlinear and lexical data from STEPBible (CC BY 4.0). Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.
For personal reflection
Read the devotional page — prayer, application, and "for families"
What the Commentators Say
8 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.
Adam Clarke's Commentary Methodist/Wesleyan 1826
Clarke notes that the phrase "a mighty man of wealth" simply means Boaz was a man of considerable property. He mentions that some have thought Boaz was one of Israel's judges, but his own reading stays with the plain sense of substantial wealth and standing.
Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832
Barnes clarifies that the word translated "kinsman" here means an intimate acquaintance or close relation, not the specific term for a kinsman-redeemer used elsewhere in Ruth. He also notes that Boaz's name likely means "strength is in him."
Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Anglican 1880
The commentator notes that "kinsman" in this context means no more than a familiar friend, not necessarily a close relative. The phrase "mighty man of wealth" can mean either a wealthy man or a valiant man, and in Ruth the word for wealth also carries a moral sense. The name Boaz likely means "strength" or is a contraction of a Phoenician form.
Geneva Bible Notes Reformed 1599
The Geneva note draws attention to Boaz's standing as a powerful relative from Elimelech's family, emphasizing his social and economic influence. This detail sets up his later role as a potential kinsman-redeemer, one able to provide security and restoration for Naomi and Ruth.
Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748
Gill notes the oddity that Naomi never asked her wealthy kinsman Boaz for help, likely from modesty, and that Boaz himself, though generous, apparently did not know how needy they were despite hearing about Ruth. The name Boaz means "in him is strength," fitting his wealth, power, and religious devotion.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary Protestant 1871
JFB introduces this passage by focusing on the specific event of Ruth gleaning in Boaz's field, noting that this action sets the stage for the unfolding narrative. The heading underscores the providential meeting between Ruth and Boaz as central to the chapter.
Lange's Commentary Reformed 1857
Lange stresses that Boaz is called a "known one" (me'yuda) of the family, not a close relative, which makes his later kindness more remarkable. The description "valiant hero" points to moral and military strength, not wealth; Boaz is a man of integrity in peace and war.
Matthew Henry's Commentary Reformed/Presbyterian 1710
Henry highlights the rare and excellent combination of being both mighty in wealth and mighty in Scripture, as the Chaldee paraphrase reads. He also observes that Boaz, though rich, had poor relations, and Naomi, though poor, had rich relations, teaching humility before God's providence.