Luke 7:36-47 · Bible study
Luke 7:36-47 Commentary: Love That Springs from Forgiveness
Greek · 11 what the commentators say
Meaning in one sentence
Jesus accepts a Pharisee's invitation and defends a woman whose lavish love reveals grace. Commentary on forgiveness, gratitude, and mission.
Research Summary
- Meaning: Luke 7:36-47 shows that extravagant love toward Jesus is the evidence, not the cause, of sins forgiven.
- Key words: ἀγαπάω (love), χαρίζομαι (freely forgive), μύρον (costly ointment), ὀλίγος (little), each reveals the scale of grace and response.
- Main debate: Does love cause forgiveness (ὅτι = causal) or prove it (ὅτι = evidential)? Most commentators agree: the perfect tense of “are forgiven” (ἀφέωνται) and the flow of the parable support the evidential reading.
- Theological theme: Grace precedes gratitude. God’s forgiveness is the root; human love is the fruit.
- Best use: Ideal for a sermon or study on forgiveness, gratitude, or evangelism to the self-righteous. It also pairs with Luke 5:27-32 on Jesus eating with sinners.
Translation Comparison
BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020
36Then one of the Pharisees invited Jesus to eat with him, and He entered the Pharisee’s house and reclined at the table.
37When a sinful woman from that town learned that Jesus was dining there, she brought an alabaster jar of perfume.
38As she stood behind Him at His feet weeping, she began to wet His feet with her tears and wipe them with her hair. Then she kissed His feet and anointed them with the perfume.
39When the Pharisee who had invited Jesus saw this, he said to himself, “If this man were a prophet, He would know who this is and what kind of woman is touching Him—for she is a sinner!”
40But Jesus answered him, “Simon, I have something to tell you.” “Tell me, Teacher,” he said.
41“Two men were debtors to a certain moneylender. One owed him five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.
42When they were unable to repay him, he forgave both of them. Which one, then, will love him more?”
43“I suppose the one who was forgiven more,” Simon replied. “You have judged correctly,” Jesus said.
44And turning toward the woman, He said to Simon, “Do you see this woman? When I entered your house, you did not give Me water for My feet, but she wet My feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair.
45You did not greet Me with a kiss, but she has not stopped kissing My feet since I arrived.
46You did not anoint My head with oil, but she has anointed My feet with perfume.
47Therefore I tell you, because her many sins have been forgiven, she has loved much. But he who has been forgiven little loves little.”
WEB World English Bible 2000
36One of the Pharisees invited him to eat with him. He entered into the Pharisee’s house and sat at the table.
37Behold, a woman in the city who was a sinner, when she knew that he was reclining in the Pharisee’s house, brought an alabaster jar of ointment.
38Standing behind at his feet weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears, and she wiped them with the hair of her head, kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment.
39Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, “This man, if he were a prophet, would have perceived who and what kind of woman this is who touches him, that she is a sinner.”
40Jesus answered him, “Simon, I have something to tell you.” He said, “Teacher, say on.”
41“A certain lender had two debtors. The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.
42When they couldn’t pay, he forgave them both. Which of them therefore will love him most?”
43Simon answered, “He, I suppose, to whom he forgave the most.” He said to him, “You have judged correctly.”
44Turning to the woman, he said to Simon, “Do you see this woman? I entered into your house, and you gave me no water for my feet, but she has wet my feet with her tears, and wiped them with the hair of her head.
45You gave me no kiss, but she, since the time I came in, has not ceased to kiss my feet.
46You didn’t anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment.
47Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are many, are forgiven, for she loved much. But one to whom little is forgiven, loves little.”
KJV King James Version 1769
36And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee’s house, and sat down to meat.
37And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee’s house, brought an alabaster box of ointment,
38And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment.
39Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner.
40And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on.
41There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty.
42And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most?
43Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged.
44And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head.
45Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet.
46My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment.
47Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.
ASV American Standard Version 1901
36And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he entered into the Pharisee’s house, and sat down to meat.
37And behold, a woman who was in the city, a sinner; and when she knew that he was sitting at meat in the Pharisee’s house, she brought an alabaster cruse of ointment,
38and standing behind at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears, and wiped them with the hair of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment.
39Now when the Pharisee that had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have perceived who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him, that she is a sinner.
40And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Teacher, say on.
41A certain lender had two debtors: the one owed five hundred shillings, and the other fifty.
42When they had not wherewith to pay, he forgave them both. Which of them therefore will love him most?
43Simon answered and said, He, I suppose, to whom he forgave the most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged.
44And turning to the woman, he said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thy house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath wetted my feet with her tears, and wiped them with her hair.
45Thou gavest me no kiss: but she, since the time I came in, hath not ceased to kiss my feet.
46My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but she hath anointed my feet with ointment.
47Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.
YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898
36And a certain one of the Pharisees was asking him that he might eat with him, and having gone into the house of the Pharisee he reclined (at meat),
37and lo, a woman in the city, who was a sinner, having known that he reclineth (at meat) in the house of the Pharisee, having provided an alabaster box of ointment,
38and having stood behind, beside his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with the tears, and with the hairs of her head she was wiping, and was kissing his feet, and was anointing with the ointment.
39And the Pharisee who did call him, having seen, spake within himself, saying, `This one, if he were a prophet, would have known who and of what kind is the woman who doth touch him, that she is a sinner.'
40And Jesus answering said unto him, `Simon, I have something to say to thee;' and he saith, `Teacher, say on.'
41`Two debtors were to a certain creditor; the one was owing five hundred denaries, and the other fifty;
42and they not having wherewith to give back, he forgave both; which then of them, say thou, will love him more?'
43And Simon answering said, `I suppose that to whom he forgave the more;' and he said to him, `Rightly thou didst judge.'
44And having turned unto the woman, he said to Simon, `Seest thou this woman? I entered into thy house; water for my feet thou didst not give, but this woman with tears did wet my feet, and with the hairs of her head did wipe;
45a kiss to me thou didst not give, but this woman, from what time I came in, did not cease kissing my feet;
46with oil my head thou didst not anoint, but this woman with ointment did anoint my feet;
47therefore I say to thee, her many sins have been forgiven, because she did love much; but to whom little is forgiven, little he doth love.'
Darby Darby Bible 1890
36But one of the Pharisees begged him that he would eat with him. And entering into the house of the Pharisee he took his place at table;
37and behold, a woman in the city, who was a sinner, and knew that he was sitting at meat in the house of the Pharisee, having taken an alabaster box of myrrh,
38and standing at his feet behind [him] weeping, began to wash his feet with tears; and she wiped them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed [them] with the myrrh.
39And the Pharisee who had invited him, seeing it, spoke with himself saying, This [person] if he were a prophet would have known who and what the woman is who touches him, for she is a sinner.
40And Jesus answering said to him, Simon, I have somewhat to say to thee. And he says, Teacher, say [it].
41There were two debtors of a certain creditor: one owed five hundred denarii and the other fifty;
42but as they had nothing to pay, he forgave both of them [their debt]: [say,] which of them therefore will love him most?
43And Simon answering said, I suppose he to whom he forgave the most. And he said to him, Thou hast rightly judged.
44And turning to the woman he said to Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thy house; thou gavest me not water on my feet, but she has washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with her hair.
45Thou gavest me not a kiss, but she from the time I came in has not ceased kissing my feet.
46My head with oil thou didst not anoint, but she has anointed my feet with myrrh.
47For which cause I say to thee, Her many sins are forgiven; for she loved much; but he to whom little is forgiven loves little.
Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899
36And one of the Pharisees desired him to eat with him. And he went into the house of the Pharisee and sat down to meat.
37And behold a woman that was in the city, a sinner, when she knew that he sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment.
38And standing behind at his feet. she began to wash his feet with tears and wiped them with the hairs of her head and kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment.
39And the Pharisee, who had invited him, seeing it, spoke within himself, saying: This man, if he were if a prophet, would know surely who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him, that she is a sinner.
40And Jesus answering, said to him: Simon, I have somewhat to say to thee. But he said: Master, say it.
41A certain creditor had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence and the other fifty.
42And whereas they had not wherewith to pay, he forgave them both. Which therefore of the two loveth him most?
43Simon answering, said: I suppose that he to whom he forgave most. And he said to him: Thou hast judged rightly.
44And turning to the woman, he said unto Simon: Dost thou see this woman? I entered into thy house: thou gavest me no water for my feet. But she with tears hath washed my feet; and with her hairs hath wiped them.
45Thou gavest me no kiss. But she, since she cane in, hath not ceased to kiss my feet.
46My head with oil thou didst not anoint. But she with ointment hath anointed my feet.
47Wherefore, I say to thee: Many sins are forgiven her, because she hath loved much. But to whom less is forgiven, he loveth less.
Verse in Context
Original Language (Koine Greek)
New Testament · Koine Greek · Luke 7:36
Source: STEPBible TAGNT/TEHB (CC-BY 4.0). Click or tap a morphology code to see the full parsing.
Scholars' Consensus
Commentators agree this scene pivots on the question of what produces genuine love toward God. Simon the Pharisee invited Jesus, but his internal complaint, “This man, if he were a prophet, would have perceived who and what kind of woman this is who touches him”, reveals that he saw only the woman's sin, not her transformation. Jesus answers the thought Simon never spoke aloud, proving he knows more than a prophet (Calvin, Gill). The parable of the two debtors shows that both Simon and the woman are debtors to God, though Simon owed less. The woman's outpouring of tears, kisses, and ointment is not the cause of her forgiveness but its evidence. Barnes and the Cambridge Bible note that the Greek verb for forgiveness in v.47 (ἀφέωνται) is perfect passive: her sins have been forgiven, a completed state. The phrase “for she loved much” (ὅτι ἠγάπησεν πολύ) therefore signals evidential logic, inasmuch as she has loved, not in order that she might be forgiven (Wesley, JFB, Cambridge). Her love is the fruit, not the root. Simon, who offered none of the common courtesies (water, kiss, oil), demonstrated little sense of forgiveness, and therefore little love.
How settled is the interpretation?
Interpretive difficulty: Low
What is clear: That forgiveness is God’s free gift, that the woman’s love is a response to having been forgiven, and that Jesus welcomed her while also engaging Simon, whose self-righteousness was exposed.
What Scholars Agree and Debate
| Topic | Agreed | Debated |
|---|---|---|
| Identity of the woman | All traditions agree the woman had a known sinful past, likely sexual immorality, and her actions show repentance. | Some traditions (e.g., Roman Catholic, some Protestant) have identified her with Mary Magdalene; others (e.g., Calvin, Wesley, JFB) argue that the text does not support this identification, pointing to Luke 8:2 where Mary Magdalene is first introduced as a different person. |
| Relationship between love and forgiveness in v.47 | Christians agree that forgiveness is God’s free gift, not earned by human love. | Most Protestant and Reformed commentators read “for she loved much” as evidential: her love shows she has been forgiven. Some Catholic and Orthodox lectionaries and older readings have occasionally emphasised the love as a disposition that leads to forgiveness, though the majority across traditions now read it as evidential, noting the perfect tense of the verb for forgiveness. |
| Relationship to the anointing in Bethany (Matt 26, Mark 14, John 12) | All agree that this account (Luke 7) is a distinct event, not the same as the Bethany anointing. | Some earlier commentators (e.g., Augustine, cited in the Cambridge Bible) conflated the two, but modern scholarship uniformly sees Luke 7 as separate: different location (Galilee vs. Bethany), different host (Simon the Pharisee vs. Simon the leper), different timing (early in Jesus’ ministry vs. Passion week). |
| Jesus’ acceptance of the Pharisee’s invitation | Christians agree that Jesus did not avoid association with Pharisees, showing his mission to all. | Interpreters differ on Simon’s motive: some (Calvin, Gill) see a measure of respect or curiosity; others (Barnes, Cambridge) see him as suspicious or seeking grounds for accusation. The text leaves it open, but all note that Jesus uses the occasion to teach grace. |
Historical & Cultural Context
First-century Jewish meals followed a specific reclining posture. Guests lay on their left side on low couches around a table, with feet extended outward. This explains how the woman could stand behind Jesus at his feet and anoint them, she had access to his feet without disturbing the meal (Clarke, Cambridge). The Pharisee's home was likely open during a meal to visitors who might come in to see or speak with the guests, a common Oriental custom (Vincent, Poole). Simon’s name suggests he was a Pharisee of some standing. His failure to offer water for foot-washing, a kiss of greeting, and oil for the head were not mere oversights; they were pointed slights, possible signs that he invited Jesus not out of respect but to scrutinise or trap him (Calvin, Barnes). In contrast, the woman’s actions were extreme. An alabaster jar of μύρον (fragrant oil) was a luxury, worth perhaps a year’s wages (Barnes estimates 300 denarii elsewhere for similar ointment). Using her unbound hair to wipe Jesus’ feet was a gesture of profound humility and intimacy; in that culture, a woman letting down her hair in public was considered improper, yet she did so without shame. The denarius (the coin used in the parable) was a day’s wage for a labourer, so 500 denarii was about 18 months’ wages. These details frame the stark contrast between Simon’s cold formality and the woman’s unrestrained gratitude.
Textual Notes
The supplied commentaries note no significant textual variants for Luke 7:36-47. The verb “have ceased” in v.45 (διέλιπεν) appears only here in the New Testament, but the reading is well established. The Cambridge Bible mentions a variant in v.37 where some manuscripts read “who was a sinner in the city” rather than “a woman in the city who was a sinner,” but the meaning is unaffected. The text is sound for teaching and preaching.
Reception History
From the early church, this passage was treasured for its portrayal of Jesus’ mercy. Early Christian art often depicted the woman anointing Jesus’ feet, emphasising humility and repentance. In the medieval period, the woman was frequently identified with Mary Magdalene (though the text does not support this), and her story became a model of penitent love. The parable of the two debtors influenced debates about grace and works during the Reformation: Protestant Reformers such as Calvin and Luther used it to argue that love is the fruit of forgiveness, not its cause. Catholic devotional traditions focused on the woman’s tears as a sign of true contrition. In modern homiletics, the passage is widely used to illustrate the transformative power of grace and to challenge self-righteousness, transcending denominational lines. The phrase “her sins, which are many, are forgiven” has comforted countless believers who feel their past disqualifies them from God’s love.
Preaching This Verse
Three-point outline
- Jesus enters the house of a critic. He goes where he can engage even hostile hearts. The Pharisee’s invitation was not warm, yet Jesus went. This models mission to the resistant, not only the receptive.
- Two debts, one grace. The parable flattens human categories. Both debtors are insolvent. The creditor’s forgiveness is free. Simon thought himself righteous; Jesus shows he too is a debtor, just for a smaller sum. Forgiveness is never earned.
- Love that tells the truth. The woman’s tears, kisses, and ointment are not the price of pardon but its public declaration. She loves because she knows she has been forgiven much. Simon’s lack of love reveals his unrecognised debt.
Five-point outline
- The invitation (vv.36-37): Jesus accepts a meal from a man whose motives are suspect. Why? Because his mission is to the lost, including the self-righteous.
- The intrusion (vv.37-38): A woman with a public reputation enters uninvited. Her weeping and anointing are acts of gratitude, not ritual.
- The objection (v.39): Simon’s silent judgment: a true prophet would reject this woman. He measures by outward purity, not inward grace.
- The parable (vv.40-43): Jesus uses a simple story to trap Simon in his own logic. Simon’s verdict confirms the principle: forgiveness produces love.
- The contrast (vv.44-47): Simon gave no water, no kiss, no oil. The woman gave her tears, her kisses, her costly ointment. Her many sins are forgiven, she loves much. Simon’s small love shows he perceives only a small forgiveness.
Illustration hooks
- A friend forgets to thank you for a large favour, while someone else sends a heartfelt note for a small kindness. The difference isn’t the size of the gift but the awareness of having received it.
- In a restaurant, two people receive the same free dessert. One knows the meal was comped because of a mistake they made; the other thinks it was routine. The one who knows her error will be more visibly grateful.
- A pastor visits a member who has been critical of the church. The visit leads to a surprising conversation about grace. What looked like a social call becomes a mission field in the living room.
Questions your congregation is asking
- Does God really forgive someone with a past like mine? This woman’s story answers with a clear yes.
- If I don’t feel a lot of love for God, does that mean I’m not forgiven? The passage invites us to look deeper: maybe we have forgotten how great a debt we were forgiven.
- How do I respond to Christians whose sins I know? Simon’s error was letting her past define his present. We learn to see forgiven people as Jesus does.
Leading a Discussion
This passage holds a mirror to two responses to Jesus. Simon, a religious insider, offers cool courtesy. The woman, an outsider, gives everything. Jesus does not rebuke Simon for having lesser sins but for missing the point: grace awakens love. As your group works through the questions, notice how Jesus engages both people, he doesn’t dismiss Simon, and he doesn’t minimise the woman’s past. He tells a story that lets each person see themselves.
Discussion questions
- Read the passage aloud together. What details stand out to you about the woman’s actions? What do they communicate about her state of heart?
- Simon’s thought in v.39 is a silent accusation. How does Jesus show that he knows Simon’s heart? What does this reveal about Jesus’ identity?
- In the parable (vv.41-42), why is it important that both debtors cannot pay? How does this level the ground between Simon and the woman?
- Simon’s answer in v.43 is cautious (“I suppose”). Why might he be reluctant? What does Jesus’ response (“You have judged correctly”) accomplish?
- Jesus lists three things Simon did not do (vv.44-46) and three things the woman did. What do these contrasts teach about the nature of love toward God?
- Verse 47 has been debated: does “for she loved much” mean love causes forgiveness, or love proves forgiveness? Look at the Greek word order and the rest of the chapter (especially v.50 and 5:20-24) to decide. What difference does this make for the Christian life?
- If you had to place yourself in this story, Simon, the woman, or one of the other guests, who would you be most like today? Why is that a hard or encouraging question?
Word Study
The key original-language words in this verse. Select any word for its full lexicon entry — meaning, every occurrence in Scripture, and related words.
Cross-References
Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)
| Matthew 26:5 | But they said, “Not during the feast, lest a riot occur among the people.” |
| Matthew 26:6 | Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, |
| Mark 14:3 | While he was at Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at the table, a woman came having an alabaster jar of ointment of pure nard—very costly. She broke the jar and poured it over his head. |
| Mark 14:9 | Most certainly I tell you, wherever this Good News may be preached throughout the whole world, that which this woman has done will also be spoken of for a memorial of her.” |
| Luke 7:34 | The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, ‘Behold, a glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!’ |
| Luke 11:37 | Now as he spoke, a certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him. He went in and sat at the table. |
| Luke 14:1 | When he went into the house of one of the rulers of the Pharisees on a Sabbath to eat bread, they were watching him. |
| John 11:2 | It was that Mary who had anointed the Lord with ointment and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick. |
Interlinear and lexical data from STEPBible (CC BY 4.0). Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.
For personal reflection
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What the Commentators Say
8 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.
Adam Clarke's Commentary Methodist/Wesleyan 1826
Clarke argues the woman called a sinner was likely a former heathen, not a prostitute, and that the Pharisee's complaint stemmed from her being a Gentile. In the parable, he sees Simon as owing fifty pence under the law and the woman five hundred without it, both unable to pay and equally in need of free forgiveness.
Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832
Barnes stresses that the woman's extravagant love is not the reason her sins were forgiven, but the proof that they already had been. He also clarifies that the parable's forgiving creditor does not mean God forgives without atonement, since sin is crime, not mere debt.
Calvin's Commentaries Reformed 1564
Calvin stresses that the woman's tears and anointing are not the cause but the proof of her forgiveness. He insists the parable's point is that the creditor freely forgave an unpayable debt, and her lavish love simply shows she already knows she is forgiven. Simon's error was to overlook that Christ came to save the lost.
Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748
Gill argues that the woman’s lavish love for Christ is not the reason her sins are forgiven but the evidence that they already have been
Lange's Commentary Reformed 1857
Lange insists that the woman's love does not earn her forgiveness; it flows from a prior blessing. Her lavish act expresses thankfulness for a benefit already received, and only then does Jesus grant the full assurance of pardon. Love is the consequence of grace, not its cause.
Matthew Henry's Commentary Reformed/Presbyterian 1710
Henry notes that the woman's lavish love does not earn forgiveness but proves she has already received it. Her many sins are forgiven, and her great love is the evidence. The Pharisee's coldness toward Jesus shows he senses little forgiveness, which betrays his own need.
Vincent's Word Studies Evangelical 1887
Vincent notes that the woman's presence was not unusual under Oriental custom, where strangers freely entered during a meal. His distinctive point is Bernard's striking image: that the feet of Jesus are the one safe place for sinners, spurning, rejecting and repelling none, and receiving all.
Wesley's Explanatory Notes Methodist/Wesleyan 1754
Wesley stresses that the woman's abundant love is the effect and evidence of her forgiveness, not the reason for it. She loved much because she knew she had been forgiven much, while Simon's lovelessness showed he had not yet grasped his own need for pardon.