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Luke 12:13-21 · Bible study

Luke 12:13-21 Commentary: The Rich Fool

Greek · 11 what the commentators say

Meaning in one sentence

Explore Luke 12:13-21: Jesus refuses to settle an inheritance, warns against covetousness, and tells the parable of the rich fool.

Research Summary

  • Meaning: Jesus uses an inheritance dispute to teach that life is not in possessions and tells the parable of the rich fool to warn against self‑centered wealth.
  • Key words: πλεονεξία (covetousness), ψυχή (soul/life), ἄφρων (senseless), πλουτῶν εἰς θεόν (rich toward God).
  • Main debate: Minimal; the central message is agreed. Some discuss whether ministers should ever mediate civil disputes (Calvin thought not); all affirm Jesus’ kingdom is spiritual.
  • Theological theme: The kingdom of God versus earthly treasure; the foolishness of building existence on material abundance.
  • Best use: Teaching on stewardship, contentment, priorities, and the urgency of an eternal perspective.

Translation Comparison

BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020

13Someone in the crowd said to Him, “Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me.”

14But Jesus replied, “Man, who appointed Me judge or executor between you?”

15And He said to them, “Watch out! Guard yourselves against every form of greed, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.”

16Then He told them a parable: “The ground of a certain rich man produced an abundance.

17So he thought to himself, ‘What shall I do, since I have nowhere to store my crops?’

18Then he said, ‘This is what I will do: I will tear down my barns and will build bigger ones, and there I will store up all my grain and my goods.

19Then I will say to myself, “You have plenty of good things laid up for many years. Take it easy. Eat, drink, and be merry!”’

20But God said to him, ‘You fool! This very night your life will be required of you. Then who will own what you have accumulated?’

21This is how it will be for anyone who stores up treasure for himself but is not rich toward God.”

WEB World English Bible 2000

13One of the multitude said to him, “Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me.”

14But he said to him, “Man, who made me a judge or an arbitrator over you?”

15He said to them, “Beware! Keep yourselves from covetousness, for a man’s life doesn’t consist of the abundance of the things which he possesses.”

16He spoke a parable to them, saying, “The ground of a certain rich man produced abundantly.

17He reasoned within himself, saying, ‘What will I do, because I don’t have room to store my crops?’

18He said, ‘This is what I will do. I will pull down my barns, build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods.

19I will tell my soul, “Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years. Take your ease, eat, drink, and be merry.”’

20“But God said to him, ‘You foolish one, tonight your soul is required of you. The things which you have prepared—whose will they be?’

21So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.”

KJV King James Version 1769

13And one of the company said unto him, Master, speak to my brother, that he divide the inheritance with me.

14And he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you?

15And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

16And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully:

17And he thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits?

18And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods.

19And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.

20But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided?

21So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.

ASV American Standard Version 1901

13And one out of the multitude said unto him, Teacher, bid my brother divide the inheritance with me.

14But he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you?

15And he said unto them, Take heed, and keep yourselves from all covetousness: for a man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

16And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully:

17and he reasoned within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have not where to bestow my fruits?

18And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my grain and my goods.

19And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, be merry.

20But God said unto him, Thou foolish one, this night is thy soul required of thee; and the things which thou hast prepared, whose shall they be?

21So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.

YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898

13And a certain one said to him, out of the multitude, `Teacher, say to my brother to divide with me the inheritance.'

14And he said to him, `Man, who set me a judge or a divider over you?'

15And he said unto them, `Observe, and beware of the covetousness, because not in the abundance of one's goods is his life.'

16And he spake a simile unto them, saying, `Of a certain rich man the field brought forth well;

17and he was reasoning within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have not where I shall gather together my fruits?

18and he said, This I will do, I will take down my storehouses, and greater ones I will build, and I will gather together there all my products and my good things,

19and I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast many good things laid up for many years, be resting, eat, drink, be merry.

20`And God said to him, Unthinking one! this night thy soul they shall require from thee, and what things thou didst prepare--to whom shall they be?

21so is he who is treasuring up to himself, and is not rich toward God.'

Darby Darby Bible 1890

13And a person said to him out of the crowd, Teacher, speak to my brother to divide the inheritance with me.

14But he said to him, Man, who established me [as] a judge or a divider over you?

15And he said to them, Take heed and keep yourselves from all covetousness, for [it is] not because a man is in abundance [that] his life is in his possessions.

16And he spoke a parable to them, saying, The land of a certain rich man brought forth abundantly.

17And he reasoned within himself saying, What shall I do? for I have not [a place] where I shall lay up my fruits.

18And he said, This will I do: I will take away my granaries and build greater, and there I will lay up all my produce and my good things;

19and I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much good things laid by for many years; repose thyself, eat, drink, be merry.

20But God said to him, Fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee; and whose shall be what thou hast prepared?

21Thus is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.

Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899

13And one of the multitude said to him: Master, speak to my brother that he divide the inheritance with me.

14But he said to him: Man, who hath appointed me judge or divider over you?

15And he said to them: Take heed and beware of all covetousness: for a man's life doth not consist in the abundance of things which he possesseth.

16And he spoke a similitude to them, saying: The land of a certain rich man brought forth plenty of fruits.

17And he thought within himself, saying: What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits?

18And he said: This will I do: I will pull down my barns and will build greater: and into them will I gather all things that are grown to me and my goods.

19And I will say to my soul: Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years. Take thy rest: eat, drink, make good cheer.

20But God said to him: Thou fool, this night do they require thy soul of thee. And whose shall those things be which thou hast provided?

21So is he that layeth up treasure for himself and is not rich towards God.

Verse in Context

11 When they bring you before the synagogues, the rulers, and the authorities, don’t be anxious how or what you will answer or what you will say;
12 for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that same hour what you must say.”
13 One of the multitude said to him, “Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me.”
14 But he said to him, “Man, who made me a judge or an arbitrator over you?”
15 He said to them, “Beware! Keep yourselves from covetousness, for a man’s life doesn’t consist of the abundance of the things which he possesses.”
16 He spoke a parable to them, saying, “The ground of a certain rich man produced abundantly.
17 He reasoned within himself, saying, ‘What will I do, because I don’t have room to store my crops?’
18 He said, ‘This is what I will do. I will pull down my barns, build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods.
19 I will tell my soul, “Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years. Take your ease, eat, drink, and be merry.”’
20 “But God said to him, ‘You foolish one, tonight your soul is required of you. The things which you have prepared—whose will they be?’
21 So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.”
22 He said to his disciples, “Therefore I tell you, don’t be anxious for your life, what you will eat, nor yet for your body, what you will wear.
23 Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing.

Original Language (Koine Greek)

Εἶπεν Eipen V-2AAI-3S G2036 Said
δέ de CONJ G1161 then
τις tis X-NSM G5100 one
ἐκ ek PREP G1537 from
τοῦ tou T-GSM G3588 the
ὄχλου ochlou N-GSM G3793 crowd
αὐτῷ· autō P-DSM G0846 to Him:
διδάσκαλε, didaskale N-VSM-T G1320 Teacher,
εἰπὲ eipe V-2AAM-2S G2036 do say
τῷ tō T-DSM G3588 to the
ἀδελφῷ adelphō N-DSM G0080 brother
μου mou P-1GS G3165 of mine
μερίσασθαι merisasthai V-AMN G3307 to divide
μετ᾽ met᾽ PREP G3326 with
ἐμοῦ emou S-1SGSN G1473 me
τὴν tēn T-ASF G3588 the
κληρονομίαν. klēronomian N-ASF G2817 inheritance.

Source: STEPBible TAGNT/TEHB (CC-BY 4.0). Click or tap a morphology code to see the full parsing.

Scholars' Consensus

Commentators across traditions agree on the central message. Jesus refused to arbitrate the inheritance because his mission concerns spiritual, not civil matters (Calvin, Gill, Jamieson-Fausset-Brown). The man's request reveals a heart focused on possessions, and Jesus delivers a universal warning: "Beware of covetousness." The Greek supports this: the verb phulassesthe is a present middle imperative, calling for ongoing, personal guarding against greed. The word pleonexia denotes not just avarice but any grasping desire for more. Jesus then declares that life does not consist in abundance, a maxim the parable of the rich fool illustrates in memorable form. The rich man's error is not his wealth but his self-centered planning that leaves God out. God calls him aphrōn (senseless) because he stored up treasure for himself but was not "rich toward God." The phrase ploutōn eis theon uses the preposition eis, indicating direction: a life oriented Godward, not selfward. All traditions read this as a call to seek the kingdom first and to use material goods in light of eternity. This is an invitation to a life that outlasts any barn we build.

How settled is the interpretation?

Interpretive difficulty: Low

What is clear: Jesus' kingdom is not of this world; a person's life does not consist in possessions; the parable illustrates the folly of ignoring God while planning for temporal comforts.

What Scholars Agree and Debate

TopicAgreedDebated
Jesus’ refusal to judge the inheritanceAll agree Jesus refused because his mission is spiritual, not civil; he was not appointed to settle property disputes.Some commentators (Calvin, JFB) present this as a model for ministers to avoid secular entanglements; others note Jesus was not rejecting all social involvement but clarifying the nature of his kingdom.
Meaning of 'covetousness' (πλεονεξία)It covers any grasping desire for more, including but not limited to avarice.Some stress it as the root of all evil and include selfish possession; others focus on excessive desire for what belongs to others.
Being 'rich toward God'It means prioritizing God’s kingdom and storing up treasure in heaven rather than on earth.Roman Catholic tradition emphasizes good works and theological virtues (1 Tim 6:18); Protestant tradition emphasizes faith and righteousness in Christ; both agree it involves a life oriented toward God.

Historical & Cultural Context

In first-century Judaism, inheritance disputes were common. The eldest son received a double portion (Deuteronomy 21:17), and younger siblings sometimes felt shortchanged. Rabbis were often asked to serve as arbiters, and the crowd expected Jesus to fulfill that role. Jesus' response, "Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you?", deliberately echoes the words of the Hebrew who challenged Moses in Exodus 2:14 (Cambridge Bible, Gill). By citing that question, Jesus distinguishes his mission from the civil authority Moses held. He came to reconcile people to God, not to adjudicate property.

The parable Jesus tells draws on familiar biblical themes. The Cambridge Bible notes an allusion to Nabal, whose name means "fool" (1 Samuel 25). Nabal, like the rich man, was self‑centered and died suddenly when God struck him. The rich man's soliloquy, "eat, drink, be merry", reflects an Epicurean view common in Hellenistic culture, echoed in Isaiah 22:13. The word for "barns" (apothēkas) refers to underground granaries used in Palestine to store grain safely. The man's planning is meticulous but entirely isolated; he never acknowledges God or considers others. His question "What shall I do?" reveals a heart that sees abundance as a problem to solve rather than a gift to steward. Jesus presents this not merely as a cautionary tale but as a mirror for every person who identifies life with what they own.

Seeing Jesus refuse the role of civil judge helps us understand his kingdom differently. He does not come to fix every earthly injustice directly; he comes to transform hearts so that justice and generosity flow from within. That freedom from worrying about our portion is good news.

Textual Notes

In verse 15, the phrase “all covetousness” (πάσης πλεονεξίας) appears in the majority of early manuscripts, including the Alexandrian and Western text types. Some manuscripts omit πάσης, but the weight of evidence supports its inclusion (Clarke, JFB). The UBS Greek text and virtually all modern translations read “all covetousness” or “every kind of greed.” No other significant variants affect the meaning of this passage.

Reception History

Throughout church history, Luke 12:13, 21 has been a key text on wealth and discipleship. Early Christians saw it as a call to store up treasure in heaven and to hold possessions loosely. The monastic tradition used it to justify voluntary poverty. Medieval sermons on avarice regularly featured the rich fool as a warning. Reformation interpreters emphasized the contrast between being rich toward self and rich toward God, linking it to faith and justification. In modern contexts, the parable challenges believers to examine their priorities in a consumerist world and to see that genuine life is found in relationship with God, not in material abundance.

Preaching This Verse

Three-point outline

  1. The Interruption (vv. 13, 14). A man asks Jesus to settle an inheritance dispute. Jesus refuses, saying, “Who made me a judge or a divider over you?” His kingdom is not built on redistributing property but on transforming hearts.
  2. The Warning (v. 15). Jesus turns to the crowd and warns, “Beware! Keep yourselves from covetousness.” Life does not consist in the abundance of possessions. The present imperative calls for constant vigilance.
  3. The Parable (vv. 16, 21). The rich fool plans to build bigger barns and take his ease, but God demands his soul that night. The punch line: “So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.” The point is not poverty but orientation, toward self or toward God.

Five-point outline

  1. The misdirected request (v. 13). A man tries to use Jesus as his personal lawyer, reducing the Teacher to a property broker.
  2. The firm refusal (v. 14). Jesus addresses him as “Man”, not “friend”, and rejects the role of civil judge. His authority is spiritual, not political.
  3. The broad warning (v. 15). Jesus turns to the whole crowd: guard against every form of greed. Covetousness is not just desiring others’ goods; it is any longing that makes things the measure of life.
  4. The cramped inner world of the rich man (vv. 16, 19). His dialogue is entirely internal. He asks no one else, not God, not his neighbor. He hoards not only grain but the future itself, promising his soul rest it cannot deliver.
  5. The divine interruption and application (vv. 20, 21). God calls the man “Fool!”, aphrōn, senseless. His life is required (literally “they demand your soul”). The outcome is the fate of anyone who stores up for self and is not rich toward God.

Illustration hooks

  • A family feud over a will that leaves relationships in ruins, even though both sides had enough. The real loss was not money but love.
  • A midlife crisis where a person who worked for retirement suddenly faces a health scare. All the planning assumed many years; the question “whose will these be?” becomes personal.
  • The small-business owner who treats every expansion as a milestone, always moving the goalposts, and never pauses to ask what God wants with the increase.

Questions your congregation is asking

  • How do I know if I have crossed the line from wise saving to covetousness?
  • What does it look like in daily life to be “rich toward God”?
  • How can I enjoy the blessings God gives without making them my security?

Leading a Discussion

This passage confronts assumptions about security and purpose. In a culture that applauds accumulation, Jesus calls us to consider what life really consists of. The request for inheritance arbitration and the parable of the rich fool together force one question: What am I living for?

Discussion questions

  1. Observation: What does the man ask Jesus to do, and how does Jesus respond?
  2. Observation: Why do you think Jesus turns from the man to speak to the whole crowd in verse 15?
  3. Interpretation: The rich man’s dialogue is entirely with himself. Why is that significant?
  4. Interpretation: God calls the man a fool. What makes his plan foolish, not just short‑sighted?
  5. Interpretation: What does the phrase “rich toward God” mean? How is it different from being rich in possessions?
  6. Application: What are the “barns” in your life, things you store up for security that might actually compete with trust in God?
  7. Application: How can your small group encourage one another to be rich toward God in practical ways this week?

What the Commentators Say

7 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.

Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832

Barnes emphasizes that Jesus refused to settle the inheritance dispute because his mission was spiritual, not civil. He interprets the warning about covetousness literally: wealth cannot prolong life, so frantic accumulation is foolish. The rich farmer’s fatal error was trusting possessions to secure his future rather than God.

Calvin's Commentaries Reformed 1564

Calvin stresses that Christ refused to settle the inheritance dispute to avoid feeding the false hope of an earthly Messiah. The rich man's real folly, Calvin argues, is not greed but the belief that life and happiness come from possessions, when both depend entirely on God's will.

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Anglican 1880

The commentator highlights the crucial Greek distinction between bios, a person’s earthly life supported by possessions, and zoe, the true spiritual life of the soul. The rich fool

Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748

Gill notes that Jesus refused to settle the inheritance dispute because His kingdom is spiritual, not civil. The request was driven by covetousness, which Jesus used as a warning: a person's life does not consist in possessions. The rich fool's error was storing treasure for himself while ignoring God.

Matthew Henry's Commentary Reformed/Presbyterian 1710

Henry notes that the man's request for Jesus to settle his inheritance dispute was shockingly ill-timed, interrupting spiritual teaching with a petty family quarrel. He suggests the brother may have been a violent oppressor who seized more than his share, yet Christ refused to act as a civil judge, instead warning against the covetousness that fuels such conflicts.

Vincent's Word Studies Evangelical 1887

Vincent points out that the Greek word for "fool" means "senseless," as in a lifeless statue, not just imprudent. He also notes that "is required" is an indefinite plural in Greek, implying God's messengers demand the rich man's soul. God's question ignores the man's claim of "my fruits" and "my goods," stripping him of all ownership.

Wesley's Explanatory Notes Methodist/Wesleyan 1754

Wesley notes that Christ refuses to judge worldly affairs, since His kingdom is not of this world. He defines "life" as comfort or happiness, not mere existence. The rich man's error is thinking earthly goods can satisfy, while the only

Word Study

The key original-language words in this verse. Select any word for its full lexicon entry — meaning, every occurrence in Scripture, and related words.

Cross-References

Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)

Psalms 17:14 from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of the world, whose portion is in this life. You fill the belly of your cherished ones. Your sons have plenty, and they store up wealth for their children.
Ezekiel 33:31 They come to you as the people come, and they sit before you as my people, and they hear your words, but don’t do them; for with their mouth they show much love, but their heart goes after their gain.
Luke 6:45 The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings out that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart brings out that which is evil, for out of the abundance of the heart, his mouth speaks.
Acts 8:18 Now when Simon saw that the Holy Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles’ hands, he offered them money,
Acts 8:19 saying, “Give me also this power, that whomever I lay my hands on may receive the Holy Spirit.”
I Timothy 6:5 constant friction of people of corrupt minds and destitute of the truth, who suppose that godliness is a means of gain. Withdraw yourself from such.
Exodus 2:14 He said, “Who made you a prince and a judge over us? Do you plan to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian?” Moses was afraid, and said, “Surely this thing is known.”
Micah 6:8 He has shown you, O man, what is good. What does Yahweh require of you, but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?

Interlinear and lexical data from STEPBible (CC BY 4.0). Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.

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