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Judges 15:10-14 · Bible study

Judges 15:10-14 Commentary: Why Judah Bound Their Deliverer

Hebrew · 9 what the commentators say

Meaning in one sentence

The men of Judah tie up Samson to appease the Philistines, but God's Spirit breaks every bond, showing His power over fear and oppression.

Research Summary

  • Meaning: Judah's surrender of Samson to the Philistines and the Spirit's miraculous breaking of his bonds, demonstrating God's power over human oppression.
  • Key words: אָסַר (bind), יָרַד (went down), פָּגַע (fall upon), רוּחַ (Spirit), מָסַס (melt/drop).
  • Main debate: Not highly disputed; some question whether Judah acted from fear or misguided pragmatism, but the text clearly condemns their cowardice.
  • Therm theme: Divine empowerment over human bondage; the Spirit of God liberates where human effort fails.
  • Best use: Teaching on spiritual warfare, the danger of appeasing sin, and the need for the Spirit's empowering presence.

Translation Comparison

BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020

10“Why have you attacked us?” said the men of Judah. The Philistines replied, “We have come to arrest Samson and pay him back for what he has done to us.”

11In response, three thousand men of Judah went to the cave at the rock of Etam, and they asked Samson, “Do you not realize that the Philistines rule over us? What have you done to us?” “I have done to them what they did to me,” he replied.

12But they said to him, “We have come down to arrest you and hand you over to the Philistines.” Samson replied, “Swear to me that you will not kill me yourselves.”

13“No,” they answered, “we will not kill you, but we will tie you up securely and hand you over to them.” So they bound him with two new ropes and led him up from the rock.

14When Samson arrived in Lehi, the Philistines came out shouting against him. And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him. The ropes on his arms became like burnt flax, and the bonds broke loose from his hands.

WEB World English Bible 2000

10The men of Judah said, “Why have you come up against us?” They said, “We have come up to bind Samson, to do to him as he has done to us.”

11Then three thousand men of Judah went down to the cave in Etam’s rock, and said to Samson, “Don’t you know that the Philistines are rulers over us? What then is this that you have done to us?” He said to them, “As they did to me, so I have done to them.”

12They said to him, “We have come down to bind you, that we may deliver you into the hand of the Philistines.” Samson said to them, “Swear to me that you will not attack me yourselves.”

13They spoke to him, saying, “No, but we will bind you securely and deliver you into their hands; but surely we will not kill you.” They bound him with two new ropes, and brought him up from the rock.

14When he came to Lehi, the Philistines shouted as they met him. Then Yahweh’s Spirit came mightily on him, and the ropes that were on his arms became as flax that was burned with fire; and his bands dropped from off his hands.

KJV King James Version 1769

10And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And they answered, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he hath done to us.

11Then three thousand men of Judah went to the top of the rock Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines are rulers over us? what is this that thou hast done unto us? And he said unto them, As they did unto me, so have I done unto them.

12And they said unto him, We are come down to bind thee, that we may deliver thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said unto them, Swear unto me, that ye will not fall upon me yourselves.

13And they spake unto him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast, and deliver thee into their hand: but surely we will not kill thee. And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him up from the rock.

14And when he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him: and the Spirit of the Lord came mightily upon him, and the cords that were upon his arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his bands loosed from off his hands.

ASV American Standard Version 1901

10And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And they said, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he hath done to us.

11Then three thousand men of Judah went down to the cleft of the rock of Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines are rulers over us? what then is this that thou hast done unto us? And he said unto them, As they did unto me, so have I done unto them.

12And they said unto him, We are come down to bind thee, that we may deliver thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said unto them, Swear unto me, that ye will not fall upon me yourselves.

13And they spake unto him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast, and deliver thee into their hand: but surely we will not kill thee. And they bound him with two new ropes, and brought him up from the rock.

14When he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted as they met him: and the Spirit of Jehovah came mightily upon him, and the ropes that were upon his arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his bands dropped from off his hands.

YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898

10and the men of Judah say, `Why have ye come up against us?' and they say, `To bind Samson we have come up, to do to him as he hath done to us.'

11And three thousand men of Judah go down unto the cleft of the rock Etam, and say to Samson, `Hast thou now known that the Philistines are rulers over us? and what is this thou hast done to us?' And he saith to them, `As they did to me, so I did to them.'

12And they say to him, `To bind thee we have come down--to give thee into the hand of the Philistines.' And Samson saith to them, `Swear to me, lest ye fall upon me yourselves.'

13And they speak to him, saying, No, but we certainly bind thee, and have given thee into their hand, and we certainly do not put thee to death;' and they bind him with two thick bands, new ones, and bring him up from the rock.

14He hath come unto Lehi--and the Philistines have shouted at meeting him--and the Spirit of Jehovah prospereth over him, and the thick bands which are on his arms are as flax which they burn with fire, and his bands are wasted from off his hands,

Darby Darby Bible 1890

10And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And they said, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he has done to us.

11Then three thousand men of Judah went down to the cleft of the cliff Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines rule over us? And what is this that thou hast done to us? And he said to them, As they did to me, so have I done to them.

12And they said to him, We are come down to bind thee, that we may give thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said to them, Swear to me that ye will not fall on me yourselves.

13And they spoke to him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast, and deliver thee into their hand; but we certainly shall not put thee to death. And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him up from the cliff.

14When he came to Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him. And the Spirit of Jehovah came upon him, and the cords that were on his arms became as threads of flax that are burned with fire, and his bands loosed from off his hands.

Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899

10And the men of the tribe of Juda said to them: Why are you come up against us? They answered: We are come to bind Samson, and to pay him for what he hath done against us.

11Wherefore three thousand men of Juda went down to the cave of the rock Etam, and said to Samson: Knowest thou not that the Philistines rule over us? Why wouldst thou do thus? And he said to them: As they did to me, so have I done to them.

12And they said to him: We are come to bind thee, and to deliver thee into the hands of the Philistines. And Samson said to them: Swear to me, and promise me that you will not kill me.

13They said: We will not kill thee: but we will deliver thee up bound. And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him from the rock Etam.

14Now when he was come to the place of the Jawbone, and the Philistines shouting went to meet him, the Spirit of the Lord came strongly upon him: and as flax is wont to be consumed at the approach of fire, so the bands with which he was bound were broken and loosed.

Verse in Context

8 He struck them hip and thigh with a great slaughter; and he went down and lived in the cave in Etam’s rock.
9 Then the Philistines went up, encamped in Judah, and spread themselves in Lehi.
10 The men of Judah said, “Why have you come up against us?” They said, “We have come up to bind Samson, to do to him as he has done to us.”
11 Then three thousand men of Judah went down to the cave in Etam’s rock, and said to Samson, “Don’t you know that the Philistines are rulers over us? What then is this that you have done to us?” He said to them, “As they did to me, so I have done to them.”
12 They said to him, “We have come down to bind you, that we may deliver you into the hand of the Philistines.” Samson said to them, “Swear to me that you will not attack me yourselves.”
13 They spoke to him, saying, “No, but we will bind you securely and deliver you into their hands; but surely we will not kill you.” They bound him with two new ropes, and brought him up from the rock.
14 When he came to Lehi, the Philistines shouted as they met him. Then Yahweh’s Spirit came mightily on him, and the ropes that were on his arms became as flax that was burned with fire; and his bands dropped from off his hands.
15 He found a fresh jawbone of a donkey, put out his hand, took it, and struck a thousand men with it.
16 Samson said, “With the jawbone of a donkey, heaps on heaps; with the jawbone of a donkey I have struck a thousand men.”

Original Language (Biblical Hebrew)

וַ/יֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ va/i.yo.me.Ru Hc/Vqw3mp H0559 and/ they said
אִ֣ישׁ 'ish HNcmsc H0376 [the] man of
יְהוּדָ֔ה ye.hu.Dah HNpl H3063 Judah
לָ/מָ֖ה la./Mah HR/Pi H4100 <to>/ why?
עֲלִיתֶ֣ם 'a.li.Tem HVqp2mp H5927 have you come up
עָלֵ֑י/נוּ 'a.Lei./nu HRd/Sp1bp H5921 on/ us
וַ/יֹּאמְר֗וּ va/i.yo.me.Ru Hc/Vqw3mp H0559 and/ they said
לֶ/אֱס֤וֹר le./'e.Sor HR/Vqcc H0631 to/ bind
אֶת\־ 'et- HTo H0853 <obj.>
שִׁמְשׁוֹן֙ shim.shOn HNpm H8123 Samson
עָלִ֔ינוּ 'a.Li.nu HVqp1cp H5927 we have come up
לַ/עֲשׂ֣וֹת la./'a.Sot HR/Vqcc H6213 to/ do
ל֔/וֹ l/o HRd/Sp3ms H9033 to <the>/ him
כַּ/אֲשֶׁ֖ר ka./'a.Sher HR/Tr H0834 just/ as
עָ֥שָׂה 'A.sah HVqp3ms H6213 he did
לָֽ/נוּ\׃ La./nu HRd/Sp1bp H9035 to <the>/ us

Source: STEPBible TAGNT/TEHB (CC-BY 4.0). Click or tap a morphology code to see the full parsing.

Scholars' Consensus

Commentators broadly agree that this passage exposes the depth of Israel's spiritual crisis under Philistine rule. Clarke notes that the men of Judah, rather than standing with their champion, preferred to hand him over to avoid conflict. Barnes observes they were 'dispirited' and willing to surrender Samson to 'conciliate their masters.' Keil and Delitzsch emphasize that instead of recognizing him as a deliverer raised by God, they reproached him for provoking the enemy. The shame of their question, 'Don't you know that the Philistines are rulers over us?', is universally seen as a confession of spiritual defeat. Yet the narrative pivots at verse 14, when 'the Spirit of the Lord came mightily upon him.' Gill notes the ropes became like burned flax; Matthew Henry sees this as proof that divine power overcomes human bondage. The commentators agree that the episode contrasts human cowardice with God's sovereign strength, and that the Spirit's sudden intervention is the key turning point.

How settled is the interpretation?

Interpretive difficulty: Low

What is clear: The men of Judah hand Samson over to the Philistines out of fear, but the Spirit of Yahweh miraculously frees him, demonstrating divine power over human bondage.

What Scholars Agree and Debate

TopicAgreedDebated
The location of Etam's rockIt was a cave or cleft in the hill country of Judah used as a refuge.Commentators differ on the exact site; some identify it with the Etam in 1 Chronicles 4:32, but the location remains uncertain.
The morality of Judah's actionAll commentators agree the men of Judah acted out of fear and faithlessness, preferring to appease the Philistines.Some later readers have suggested they were acting to prevent a wider war, but the text presents their action as a failure to trust God's deliverer.
The nature of the Spirit's comingThe Spirit of Yahweh came suddenly and forcefully upon Samson, enabling him to break the ropes.No significant debate; it is seen as a direct divine intervention characteristic of the judges period.

Historical & Cultural Context

Israel had lived under Philistine domination for forty years by this point (Judges 13:1), a judgment for their persistent unfaithfulness. The Philistines were a seafaring people who controlled the coastal plain and often raided the hill country of Judah. Etam, where Samson took refuge, was likely a stronghold or large cave in the rugged Judean wilderness, the word 'cleft' (סְעִיף) suggests a deep crevice, as in Song of Solomon 2:14. When the Philistines encamped at Lehi (a place whose name means 'jaw,' later renamed Ramath-lehi after Samson's victory), the men of Judah reacted not with courage but with appeasement.

Their force of three thousand men indicates both their fear of Samson's strength and their determination to make peace with the oppressor. The phrase 'bring him up from the rock' (v.13) shows they physically led him out of his hiding place. The Philistines' shout (v.14) was a cry of triumph, expecting an easy execution. But the sudden coming of the Spirit changes everything. The verb for 'came mightily' (צָלַח, tsalach) suggests a rushing, overwhelming empowerment, as in Judges 14:6 and 14:19. This pattern, human fear met by divine intervention, runs through the book of Judges and underscores that deliverance comes from God alone. The cross-reference to Deuteronomy 28:47-48 reminds readers that oppression results from covenantal unfaithfulness, yet God still acts to save when His people call.

Textual Notes

The consulted sources note no significant textual variants for Judges 15:10-14. The key Hebrew terms, 'bind,' 'new ropes,' 'Spirit', are consistent across the Masoretic Text, the Septuagint, and the Vulgate. Some minor spelling variations (e.g., 'Etam' with or without a final he) do not affect meaning.

Reception History

This passage has been read throughout church history as a warning against spiritual cowardice and a testament to God's delivering power. Early Christian interpreters, such as Ambrose and Augustine, saw in Samson's binding and subsequent victory a type of Christ: bound by His own people, delivered to the enemy, but rising to defeat them. The medieval church often used Samson as a moral exemplar of strength corrupted by weakness, though this specific episode received less attention. During the Reformation, Matthew Henry and others focused on the sinfulness of the men of Judah, contrasting their fear with the courage faith should produce. In the modern period, commentators like Keil and Delitzsch have highlighted the literary artistry of the account, noting how the climax of the Spirit's arrival reverses the expected outcome.

Preaching This Verse

Three-point outline

  1. The Degradation of God's People (vv.10-12), The men of Judah question Samson not as a deliverer but as a troublemaker, revealing their allegiance to worldly power.
  2. The Request for Mercy (vv.12-13), Samson bargains for his life, extracting a promise that his own countrymen will not kill him, showing his trust is neither in them nor in his own strength.
  3. The Demonstration of Power (v.14), The Spirit rushes upon Samson, and the new ropes become like burnt flax, proving that no human bond can hold when God acts.

Five-point outline

  1. Philistine Invasion (v.9), The enemy spreads out in Lehi, determined to capture Samson.
  2. The Questioning of Judah (vv.10-11), The men of Judah ask why the Philistines have come and then reproach Samson: 'What is this you have done to us?'
  3. The Surrender (v.12-13), Judah binds Samson with two new ropes, handing him over to the Philistines with a promise not to kill him.
  4. The Enemy's Celebration (v.14a), The Philistines shout for joy as they meet the bound Samson.
  5. The Spirit's Victory (v.14b), The Spirit comes mightily, the ropes melt, and Samson is free to fight.

Illustration hooks

  • A community that blames the whistleblower for disrupting a corrupt system rather than supporting the truth-teller.
  • A football team that turns against its own star player during a losing streak, scapegoating him for problems caused by the whole squad.
  • A parent who sides with a school bully to avoid confrontation, leaving their own child isolated and betrayed.

Questions your congregation is asking

  • How can I tell when I am more afraid of people than faithful to God?
  • Does God still work through flawed, messy leaders like Samson?
  • What keeps me from being the deliverer God has called me to be in my own community?

Leading a Discussion

This passage shows a dark moment in Israel's story: the very people God raised Samson to deliver are the ones who tie him up and hand him over. It forces us to ask where our own loyalties lie when the cost of following God's champion seems too high.

Discussion questions

  1. What does the question 'Don't you know the Philistines are rulers over us?' reveal about the mindset of the men of Judah? (Observation)
  2. Why do you think Samson agreed to be bound? What does his request for an oath tell us about his attitude toward his countrymen? (Interpretation)
  3. How does the description of the ropes becoming like 'flax that was burned with fire' show the difference between human strength and the Spirit's power? (Interpretation)
  4. In what ways do believers today sometimes 'bind' God's work to avoid conflict with the world? (Application)
  5. Samson is a deeply flawed judge. How does God's use of him encourage you about God's ability to use imperfect people? (Application)
  6. What would it have taken for the men of Judah to stand with Samson instead of against him? What would that look like in your context? (Application)
  7. How does the sudden arrival of the Spirit in verse 14 change the direction of the story? What does this teach us about God's timing? (Interpretation/Application)

What the Commentators Say

8 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.

Adam Clarke's Commentary Methodist/Wesleyan 1826

Clarke notes that Samson could have easily freed himself from the 3000 men of Judah, but he could not bear to fight his own countrymen. He willingly let them bind him with new cords, and his capture became a matter of public rejoicing for the Philistines.

Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832

Barnes notes that the men of Judah were so discouraged they were ready to hand over their deliverer to keep peace with the Philistines. This reveals how impossibly hard the judge’s mission was: to free a people who would rather stay enslaved. The cords that bound Samson were as fragile as scorched flax against his strength.

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Anglican 1880

The Cambridge editors note that the Deuteronomistic formula usually marking a judge’s death appears here before Samson’s story ends, suggesting the editor originally closed the account at this point and that chapter 16 was added later. They also record a Rabbinic proposal to change the twenty years of his judgeship to the forty years stated in Judges 13:1.

Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748

Gill reads this episode as a clear type of Christ. Samson's willingness to be bound by his own people and handed over to the Philistines prefigures Jesus being betrayed by the Jews and delivered to the Romans. The Spirit's power then snapping the cords like burnt flax foreshadows Christ breaking free from the bonds of death.

Keil & Delitzsch OT Commentary Protestant 1876

Keil and Delitzsch highlight the deep moral failure of the men of Judah. Instead of rallying to Samson as a deliverer sent by God, they rebuke him and hand him over to the Philistines, a sign of their degraded condition. The commentators also note that Samson's victory was not a single blow but a series of encounters, as the song's "heap, two heaps" suggests.

Lange's Commentary Reformed 1857

Lange stresses the astonishing cowardice of Judah, which had in Samson a leader for liberation but instead sent three thousand men to bind and deliver him to the Philistines. He highlights Samson's greatness in voluntarily allowing himself to be bound, refusing to shed Israelite blood, a restraint that exposes Judah's shame.

Matthew Henry's Commentary Reformed/Presbyterian 1710

Henry emphasizes the moral failure of the men of Judah, who accepted Philistine rule as inevitable and preferred to betray Samson rather than fight. Their question "Knowest thou not that the Philistines are rulers over us?" reveals a cowering spirit, trusting in bondage rather than in God's power working through Samson.

Wesley's Explanatory Notes Methodist/Wesleyan 1754

Wesley rejects Matthew Henry's claim that the goodness of God's promised land will intensify the punishment of those who perish. He argues that this reasoning fails under predestination: if some are not elected, they never had a genuine offer, and if all the elect are saved, the grant was never free to the others.

Word Study

The key original-language words in this verse. Select any word for its full lexicon entry — meaning, every occurrence in Scripture, and related words.

Cross-References

Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)

Deuteronomy 28:13 Yahweh will make you the head, and not the tail. You will be above only, and you will not be beneath, if you listen to the commandments of Yahweh your God which I command you today, to observe and to do,
Deuteronomy 28:47 Because you didn’t serve Yahweh your God with joyfulness and with gladness of heart, by reason of the abundance of all things;
Deuteronomy 28:48 therefore you will serve your enemies whom Yahweh sends against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in lack of all things. He will put an iron yoke on your neck until he has destroyed you.
Judges 13:1 The children of Israel again did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight; and Yahweh delivered them into the hand of the Philistines forty years.
Judges 14:4 But his father and his mother didn’t know that it was of Yahweh; for he sought an occasion against the Philistines. Now at that time the Philistines ruled over Israel.
I Chronicles 4:32 Their villages were Etam, Ain, Rimmon, Tochen, and Ashan, five cities;
Psalms 106:40 Therefore Yahweh burned with anger against his people. He abhorred his inheritance.
Psalms 106:41 He gave them into the hand of the nations. Those who hated them ruled over them.

Interlinear and lexical data from STEPBible (CC BY 4.0). Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.

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