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I Kings 4:23-28 · Bible study

1 Kings 4:23-28 Commentary: Peace and Provision in Solomon's Kingdom

Hebrew · 9 what the commentators say

Meaning in one sentence

Explore the detailed list of Solomon's daily provisions in 1 Kings 4:23-28, showing peace, abundance, and territorial extent of his reign.

Research Summary

  • Meaning: The daily provision list illustrates the peace, prosperity, and territorial extent of Solomon's kingdom, fulfilling God's covenant promises.
  • Key words: Under his vine and fig tree, Tiphsah, stalls/horses, officers, dromedaries/coursers.
  • Main debate: The number of horse stalls: 40,000 (1 Kings 4:26) vs 4,000 (2 Chronicles 9:25) likely a scribal error; also the identification of animals.
  • Theological theme: The peace and abundance of Solomon's reign as a type of the coming Messianic kingdom.
  • Best use: Teaching about God's faithfulness to his promises, stewardship, and the temporary nature of earthly prosperity.

Translation Comparison

BSB Berean Standard Bible 2020

23ten fat oxen, twenty range oxen, and a hundred sheep, as well as deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened poultry.

24For Solomon had dominion over everything west of the Euphrates—over all the kingdoms from Tiphsah to Gaza—and he had peace on all sides.

25Throughout the days of Solomon, Judah and Israel dwelt securely from Dan to Beersheba, each man under his own vine and his own fig tree.

26Solomon had 4,000 stalls for his chariot horses and 12,000 horses.

27Each month the governors in turn provided food for King Solomon and all who came to his table. They saw to it that nothing was lacking.

28Each one also brought to the required place their quotas of barley and straw for the chariot horses and other horses.

WEB World English Bible 2000

23ten head of fat cattle, twenty head of cattle out of the pastures, and one hundred sheep, in addition to deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl.

24For he had dominion over all on this side of the River, from Tiphsah even to Gaza, over all the kings on this side of the River; and he had peace on all sides around him.

25Judah and Israel lived safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.

26Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.

27Those officers provided food for King Solomon, and for all who came to King Solomon’s table, every man in his month. They let nothing be lacking.

28They also brought barley and straw for the horses and swift steeds to the place where the officers were, each man according to his duty.

KJV King James Version 1769

23Ten fat oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl.

24For he had dominion over all the region on this side the river, from Tiphsah even to Azzah, over all the kings on this side the river: and he had peace on all sides round about him.

25And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beer–sheba, all the days of Solomon.

26And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.

27And those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that came unto king Solomon’s table, every man in his month: they lacked nothing.

28Barley also and straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge.

ASV American Standard Version 1901

23ten fat oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and a hundred sheep, besides harts, and gazelles, and roebucks, and fatted fowl.

24For he had dominion over all the region on this side the River, from Tiphsah even to Gaza, over all the kings on this side the River: and he had peace on all sides round about him.

25And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, all the days of Solomon.

26And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.

27And those officers provided victuals for king Solomon, and for all that came unto king Solomon’s table, every man in his month; they let nothing be lacking.

28Barley also and straw for the horses and swift steeds brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge.

YLT Young's Literal Translation 1898

23ten fat oxen, and twenty feeding oxen, and a hundred sheep, apart from hart, and roe, and fallow-deer, and fatted beasts of the stalls,

24for he is ruling over all beyond the river, from Tiphsah and unto Gaza, over all the kings beyond the river, and he hath peace from all his servants round about.

25And Judah dwelleth--and Israel--in confidence, each under his vine, and under his fig-tree, from Dan even unto Beer-Sheba, all the days of Solomon.

26And Solomon hath forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.

27And these officers have sustained king Solomon and every one drawing near unto the table of king Solomon, each in his month; they let nothing be lacking.

28And the barley and the straw, for horses and for dromedaries, they bring in unto the place where they are, each according to his ordinance.

Darby Darby Bible 1890

23ten fatted oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and a hundred sheep, besides harts, and gazelles, and fallow-deer, and fatted fowl.

24For he had dominion over all on this side the river, from Tiphsah as far as Gazah, over all the kings on this side the river; and he had peace on all sides round about.

25And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, all the days of Solomon.

26And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.

27And those officers provided food for king Solomon, and for all who came to king Solomon's table, every man in his month: they let nothing be wanting.

28And the barley, and the straw for the horses and coursers, they brought to the place where [the superintendents] were, every man according to his charge.

Douay-Rheims Douay-Rheims Bible 1899

23Ten fat oxen, and twenty out of the pastures, and a hundred rams; besides venison of harts, roes, and buffles, and fatted fowls.

24For he had all the country which was beyond the river, from Thaphsa to Gazan, and all the kings of those countries: and he had peace on every side round about.

25And Juda, and Israel, dwelt without any fear, every one under his vine, and under his fig tree, from Dan to Bersabee, all the days of Solomon.

26And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of chariot horses, and twelve thousand for the saddle.

27And the foresaid governors of the king fed them; and they furnished the necessaries also for king Solomon's table, with great care, in their time.

28They brought barley also, and straw for the horses and beasts, to the place where the king was, according as it was appointed them.

Verse in Context

21 Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt. They brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of his life.
22 Solomon’s provision for one day was thirty cors of fine flour, sixty measures of meal,
23 ten head of fat cattle, twenty head of cattle out of the pastures, and one hundred sheep, in addition to deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl.
24 For he had dominion over all on this side of the River, from Tiphsah even to Gaza, over all the kings on this side of the River; and he had peace on all sides around him.
25 Judah and Israel lived safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
26 Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.
27 Those officers provided food for King Solomon, and for all who came to King Solomon’s table, every man in his month. They let nothing be lacking.
28 They also brought barley and straw for the horses and swift steeds to the place where the officers were, each man according to his duty.
29 God gave Solomon abundant wisdom, understanding, and breadth of mind like the sand that is on the seashore.
30 Solomon’s wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east and all the wisdom of Egypt.

Scholars' Consensus

Commentators across traditions agree that this passage portrays the high point of Solomon's kingdom in territory, peace, and material provision. The list of ten fat oxen, twenty pasture-fed oxen, a hundred sheep, and various game indicates a royal diet befitting a ruler whose dominion stretched from the Euphrates to Gaza (Barnes, Cambridge). The proverbial phrase 'every man under his vine and under his fig tree' (v.25) is a standard image of security and prosperity, fulfilled in Solomon's days (Gill, Matthew Henry). The mention of forty thousand horse stalls (v.26) is debated, a likely scribal variant of four thousand in 2 Chronicles 9:25, but the number signals immense military and economic strength. The twelve district officers (v.27) ensured nothing was lacking for the king's table and stables, underlining administrative efficiency. Taken together, these details support the book's presentation of Solomon as the one who brought rest and blessing, fulfilling God's promise of peace (1 Chronicles 22:9).

How settled is the interpretation?

Interpretive difficulty: Medium

Main views:

  1. Harmonizing view: Interprets the 40,000 as referring to something other than individual stalls, such as total horses or teams, and reads the 4,000 in Chronicles as the actual stall count.
  2. Textual corruption view: Regards the original reading as 4,000 (as in Chronicles); the 40,000 is a scribal error due to confusion of numerals.

What is clear: The passage depicts an era of exceptional peace and material blessing under Solomon's rule.

What Scholars Agree and Debate

TopicAgreedDebated
The peace and security described in v.25The phrase 'under his vine and fig tree' is a metaphor for peace and prosperity, understood as fulfilled in Solomon's time.Christians differ on whether this peace is merely historical or also typifies a future millennial or heavenly peace more fully.
The number of horse stalls in v.26The text in 1 Kings 4:26 reads 40,000 stalls. The parallel in 2 Chronicles 9:25 reads 4,000.Some see a scribal error (40,000 for 4,000). Others harmonize by interpreting 'stalls' differently, such as referring to different types of horses or teams rather than individual stalls.
The identification of game animalsThe list includes clean animals acceptable under Levitical law (see Deuteronomy 15:22).The exact species (harts, roebucks, fallow deer, dromedaries) are uncertain. The Hebrew terms may denote gazelles, wild goats, or swift horses.

Historical & Cultural Context

Solomon's kingdom reached its fullest extent during his reign. Verse 24 refers to all 'on this side of the River', the Euphrates, the traditional eastern boundary of the Promised Land (Genesis 15:18). Tiphsah (Thapsacus) was the principal ford across the Euphrates, while Gaza on the southwestern coast marked the territory of the Philistines (Genesis 10:19). This border matched the limit God had pledged to Abraham. Ellicott notes that for the first time Israel entered full possession of that promise. The daily provision (vv.22-23) fed not only the royal family but also officials and visitors. Keil and Delitzsch calculate that ninety cors of flour (about 28,000 pounds) would yield bread for roughly 14,000 people, while meat from ten fattened oxen, twenty pasture oxen, and a hundred sheep surpassed 21,000 pounds. The game animals, deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl, reflect the varied landscape. The phrase 'every man under his vine and fig tree' (v.25) was a well-known symbol of peace, contrasting with earlier times of war, and appears in prophetic hopes (Micah 4:4, Zechariah 3:10). The officers (v.27) were the twelve district governors named earlier (1 Kings 4:8-19), each responsible for supplying the royal household for one month. They also brought barley and straw for the chariot horses and swift steeds (v.28). The term 'dromedaries' is uncertain but likely refers to fast riding horses (Barnes, Gill). This system testifies to organized administration and abundant resources, making Solomon's reign a golden age in Israel's memory.

Textual Notes

The most significant textual variant is the number of horse stalls in verse 26. The Masoretic Text reads 40,000, but the parallel in 2 Chronicles 9:25 states 4,000. The Cambridge Bible, Barnes, and Gill suggest a copyist error, as Solomon's chariots numbered only 1,400 (1 Kings 10:26), for which 40,000 stalls would be excessive. The Septuagint of 2 Chronicles 9:25 also supports 4,000. No other text-critical issues are noted in the supplied sources.

Reception History

This passage has been cherished as a picture of ideal peace. The phrase 'every man under his vine and fig tree' (v.25) recurs in prophetic promises (Micah 4:4, Zechariah 3:10) and has been used in liturgy and hymns to express longing for security. Matthew Henry saw Solomon's kingdom as a type of Christ's reign. The number discrepancy in the horse stalls has drawn scribal attention for centuries, but the overall portrayal of abundance has remained influential. In medieval political theology, the passage was sometimes cited to justify royal extravagance; modern commentators tend to focus on its theological message of God's provision and the blessings of righteous rule.

Preaching This Verse

Three-Point Outline

  1. The Kingdom's Extent and Peace (vv.24-25). From the Euphrates to Gaza, Solomon ruled with rest on every side. The image of every Israelite under his own vine and fig tree captures personal and national security.
  2. The Kingdom's Provision (vv.23,27). The royal table was supplied daily with twelve kinds of food, requiring a network of twelve officers. Nothing was lacking, a picture of God's abundance through human stewardship.
  3. The Kingdom's Strength and Order (vv.26-28). Thousands of horses and chariots stood ready, and a system of regular quotas kept the stables supplied. Strength and order together made prosperity sustainable.

Five-Point Outline

  1. Vast Dominion: Solomon's control from Tiphsah to Gaza (v.24) fulfilled the land promise to Abraham.
  2. Personal Peace: Every man under his own vine and fig tree (v.25) signifies the security that peace brings to daily life.
  3. Ample Provision: The daily list of meat and grain (v.23) shows the scale of the court's needs.
  4. Military Readiness: Forty thousand stalls and twelve thousand horsemen (v.26) indicate prepared defense, not war.
  5. Administrative Faithfulness: The officers provided monthly and let nothing be lacking (v.27), a model of responsible service.

Illustration Hooks

  • The logistics of feeding a large household: planning, ordering, and trying not to waste anything, Solomon's twelve officers did this for thousands.
  • The phrase 'nothing lacking' (v.27) mirrors the ideal of good management: every resource accounted for, every need met.
  • Today people dream of a place where they can sit securely in their own yard or balcony; 'under his vine and fig tree' captures that deeply human wish for safety and plenty.

Questions Your Congregation Is Asking

  • Does the Bible endorse royal luxury? How do we read passages about wealth without feeling either guilty or entitled?
  • What does 'peace on all sides' mean for us when our world still has conflict? Was Solomon's peace only temporary?
  • How do we balance the promise of God's provision with our own responsibilities, like the officers who managed supplies carefully?

Leading a Discussion

This passage presents a snapshot of Israel under Solomon: abundant, peaceful, and well-organized. Yet it also hints that such peace depends on wise leadership and faithful service. As you discuss these verses, consider how God provides for his people and what kinds of 'vines and fig trees' he has given you to enjoy.

Discussion Questions

  1. What details in verses 23-28 stand out to you? (Observation)
  2. What does the geographic description (v.24) reveal about the size of Solomon's kingdom? (Observation)
  3. The phrase 'under his vine and fig tree' appears often in prophetic books. What does it communicate about peace? (Interpretation)
  4. Why does the writer include the list of animals and horse stalls? What is the point? (Interpretation)
  5. How does the system of monthly provision by the officers (v.27) reflect order and responsibility? (Interpretation)
  6. In what ways might this passage point ahead to the peace that Jesus brings? (Interpretation/Application)
  7. Where in your own life do you see 'nothing lacking' as a gift from God? How can you become more aware of His provision? (Application)

What the Commentators Say

7 public-domain commentaries, condensed into plain language.

Adam Clarke's Commentary Methodist/Wesleyan 1826

Clarke notes that the numbers given for Solomon's horses and stalls differ so much between parallel passages that scribal corruption is likely. He settles on a compromise figure and explains that the animals called dromedaries were actually swift horses or race-horses needed for Solomon's long-distance communication.

Barnes' Notes on the Bible Protestant 1832

Barnes argues that the 40,000 horse stalls in the

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Anglican 1880

The Cambridge Bible commentary focuses on clarifying obscure Hebrew terms and geographical references in the passage, often comparing parallel texts and ancient translations to settle meaning. It identifies specific animals, locates places like Tiphsah and Azzah, and explains the proverbial phrase about peace under vine and fig tree.

Gill's Exposition of the Bible Baptist 1748

Gill interprets Solomon's daily provision as a type of Christ, the antitypical Solomon, offering a spiritual feast. He notes the variety of clean animals and the universal peace, seeing them as symbols of the abundance and safety believers enjoy under Christ's reign. The numbers and details confirm the literal lavishness that prefigures grace.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary Protestant 1871

Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown explain that the phrase about every man sitting under his vine and fig tree is a vivid metaphor for peace, grounded in the Syrian practice of training these trees up walls and stairs to form shady arbors. They also add that the barley and straw mentioned were not for bedding but chopped together as standard horse fodder.

Keil & Delitzsch OT Commentary Protestant 1876

Keil-Delitzsch argues the text does not need the added word "even to" before "land of the Philistines," as many suggest. The original Hebrew allows the preposition "from" to be mentally repeated, making the supplied word unnecessary. "Bringing presents" simply means paying tribute.

Matthew Henry's Commentary Reformed/Presbyterian 1710

Henry reads Solomon's reign as the brightest moment for Israel's crown, surpassing any before or after, precisely because it served as the clearest prophetic picture of the Messiah's future kingdom. He sees the description here as a direct fulfillment of the prophecies in Psalm 72 about a king with universal dominion, peace, and abundance.

Cross-References

Source: Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, public domain)

Deuteronomy 15:22 You shall eat it within your gates. The unclean and the clean shall eat it alike, as the gazelle and as the deer.
Nehemiah 5:17 Moreover there were at my table, of the Jews and the rulers, one hundred fifty men, in addition to those who came to us from among the nations that were around us.
Nehemiah 5:18 Now that which was prepared for one day was one ox and six choice sheep. Also fowls were prepared for me, and once in ten days a store of all sorts of wine. Yet for all this, I didn’t demand the governor’s pay, because the bondage was heavy on this people.
Genesis 10:19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon—as you go toward Gerar—to Gaza—as you go toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim—to Lasha.
Judges 16:1 Samson went to Gaza, and saw there a prostitute, and went in to her.
I Kings 4:21 Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt. They brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of his life.
I Kings 5:4 But now Yahweh my God has given me rest on every side. There is no enemy and no evil occurrence.
I Chronicles 22:9 Behold, a son shall be born to you, who shall be a man of peace. I will give him rest from all his enemies all around; for his name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness to Israel in his days.

Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0). Commentaries are public domain.

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